جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « defensive architecture » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The impact of modernity and technology on architectural spaces and urban planning has been significant throughout history, leading to changes in the identity and physical organization of human settlements. This article examines the influence of European-style defensive architecture in the 19th century Iranian-Islamic city of Ardabil, specifically through the construction of Narin Qala. The research aims to analyze the penetration of bastion style defensive architecture in Ardabil and compare the plan and architectural structure of Narin Qala with similar examples. Using a descriptive-analytical research method and data collection through library and field surveys, the study finds that fortified settlements in northwest Iran have evolved under the influence of new military technologies. The examination of 300 castle settlements in the region reveals that 8 castles were influenced by modernity and firearms technology, leading to the construction of European-style bastion castles for better equipment with artillery and improved field of view. Narin Qala in Ardabil exhibits a unique architectural style influenced by European defensive architecture, significantly shaping the city's image, identity, and physical organization.

Geography, history, and the material culture provide the three bases for definition and determination of a cultural landscape. The region of Maymand in northwestern of Kerman province as the interacting-ground of the three aforementioned factors is considered as a cultural landscape. The geographic diversity, historical events and 2500-years-old cultural vestiges have prepared the necessities for the formation of a dynamic cultural landscape. The archaeological survey findings show the process of change and evolution in lifestyles of the people who have been living in the Maymand region from ancient times to modern era. This process has been affected by geographic conditions on the one hand and has influenced the region’s history on the other hand. In addition to the complicated and multilinear historical processes having determined the characteristics of the Maymand’s landscape, the village of Maymand has played the focal role in the changing and evolution of the region. Identifying the factors which were acting in the evolution of the cultural landscape of Maymand, would help us to find the true way to indicate and solve the current problems.

Traditional Iranian society, at the beginning of the 19th century, was involved in aggressive determination of the world powers which their benefits had been derived from emerging European disciple. As the main actors of this colonialist process, the governments of Russia, France and UK, have brought most disasters to Iran and Iranians. Among them, the tsarist Russian government with a territorial greed toward iran was the initiator of a long-term war. At the time of defence against Russian army, passive defence considerations and defensive architecture thereunder, was part of Iran’s millitary program. At that time, Abbas Mirza, the crown prince of Qajar, asked for advisory assistance from some European countries in order to modernize the order of the battle. In this regard, some European castle-building experiences was transferred to Iran. The first European style castles of Iran was Kurdasht and Abbasabad castles, built in the beach of Aras river. This research, which is conducted using analytic-descriptive method and based on library resources, attempts to examine the qualities of defensive architecture of Iranian army at that period regarding their design and construction.

Northwest Iran played an important role in cultural, economic, and political exchanges with the surrounding lands in the first millennium BC. Given the importance of the area, there are many uncertainties in understanding the cultural features and interactions of the region, particularly during the Achaemenid and Parthian periods. It may contribute greatly to clarifying ambiguities through more archaeological introduction and analysis of old and new cultural findings. Ghonagh Ghiran castle is one of the rare Achaemenid sites in the Ardebil province. This castle is the largest site container painted triangle ware belonging to the Achaemenid period in the Ardabil Plain, which was not surveyed and excavated yet. This site was been surveyed with systematic sampling methods and then documentation and analysis of cultural materials. It was our aim that studies 25 percent of the cultural data of all operations of the castle surface. For as much as our main aim was to identify characteristics of painted triangle ware in this project, then potteries classification and samples selection, we studied, evaluated, and compared them with potteries of other sites both inside and outside of Iran. It has found species of Ardebil styles pottery and shards with green glaze belonged to the Seljuk period too, which it is indicate settlement continuity in this site. According to the considerable characteristics of defensive architecture, and environmental and topographic conditions of Ghonagh Ghiran Castle, undoubtedly, it has had a political and important status in the region.