جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "exile" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

Khark Island hosted exiles from the Tudeh Party of Iran during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. It was the most cohesive political organization in the country. Most of these exiles had never lived on an island in the Persian Gulf. Thus, their life on the island faced challenges. This research seeks to measure the social life of Tudeh Party exiles within an island environment between 1327 and 1337 A.H. To explain. This article is a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources, archival documents, publications, and data based on oral history.The results of this study show that the life of the exiles affiliated with the Tudeh Party on Khark Island at that time was a mixture of all the geographical deprivations of the island and the disciplinary and security restrictions of deportation. But they were able to overcome their problems by taking advantage of the diversity of their professional skills, staffing, and division of responsibilities - based on their ideology - and interacting with the small Kharkiv indigenous community. Their religion was able to alleviate some of the living problems in an island exile and make the island's environment more conducive to survival. Fear, however, was the most pervasive component of this social group's life in an island exile.

In the second Pahlavi period, in order to keep the opposition away due to their activities, the ruling body reacted against their actions and behavior, and for this reason, the Third General Directarate of Savak used various means such as putting them under control, banning the pulpit, arresting and detaining and deporting the opposition. Parviz Sabeti, director general of the third department of SAVAK, which was one of the important departments of the country's intelligence and security organization during the second Pahlavi period, and its main task was to maintain and ensure internal security. He used exile as a method of punishment to deal with opponents. The purpose of the article is to describe and analyze the exile of opponents in the second Pahlavi period. The article seeks to answer the question of what was the purpose of exile in the second Pahlavi period. The findings of the research show that the control of exiles, distance from the center, different exile areas, group exile and economic pressures are indicators of exile in this period. This research uses the archival documents and library resources.

zandie governcy is one of the shortest governments and monarchies in the history of iran. one of the most important events and affairs in the history of this dynasty is to exile and immagrate of many nations throughout iran. one of the places that these immagrations were doing was Qazvin. the point is here that these nations not only have had some effects on the internal affairs of the city that entered there but also on the whole they have had alot of effect on the economic, political and social trends of zandie dynasty. this essay is deivided into three main sections meaning the economic, political and social effects. the results show that the exiled and immagrated nations have played main roles in the internal affairs of Qazvin and wholly speaking on some trends and policies of zandie dynasty.the point is here that these nations not only have had some effects on the internal affairs of the city that entered there but also on the whole they have had alot of effect on the economic.

The second Pahlavi government used the punishment of deportation to control its opponents and to drive them out of power;Therefore,choosing the right exile helped the government achieve its goal.The official policy of the government was to designate exiles in faraway and bad climate areas;But the opposition of the people in exile was a challenge,so what was done was different from what had been enacted.Using a descriptive-analytical method this study seeks to answer the question that whether the bad climate and remoteness were the criteria to select and change the exiles of the Pahlavi period and what challenges did the government face in this choice? The findings of this study show that there was a contradiction in the circulars to determine exiles on one hand and the general approach of the government on the other hand.The government designated cities as exiles which were not of bad weather or far from the center, but insisted that the exile must be in remote and bad climate areas.The main reason for this discrepancy in law and practice was the dissatisfaction of the people and local authorities with their cities being used as the exile. Each exile was looking for a reason to exclude it's city from the list of exiles.The government's policy of deporting clerics is somewhat similar in terms of practice and opinion, but the examination of documents regarding other deportees does not show the same procedure in this period, and frequently this general policy has been acted on the contrary.

The outbreak of World War II and the occupation of Iran by Britain and the Soviet Union gave them the chance to do whatever they wanted. The Axis countries embarked on arresting and deporting their opponents in order to control them. This descriptive-analytical study seeks to explore the trend of the detention and deportation of individuals by the Axis powers in Iran as well as the features exposed through the elements of their exile at this time in history consisting of the nature, causes of deportation, expatriates's social classes, and places of exile. The deportation of Iranians during World War II does not include their arrest and detention, their long detention and refusing to file and gather evidence to prove their guilt, the difference between the crime scenes and their places of detention (exile), as well as the type of their detention, but refers to "imprisonment in exile". The birthplace and places of exile of the expatriates was the center and north of the country. Anit-exile protesters also lived in the same areas. The policy of the Soviet and British governments regarding the deportation of Iranian citizens was the same. The deportation of effective figures brought up a gap, which caused damage to the country and was one of the factors behind the divergence of Azerbaijan and Kurdistan.

Reza Shah's government, with the aim of controlling the tribes, exiled a number of savage elites from their regions to other places in order to change their livelihoods in their exile, from livelihoods to agriculture and urbanism, and to attract new life. This policy failed for many reasons. This study seeks to analyze these causes. The main question is whether the conflict between the hometown and exile of the exiles of the tribes and nomads, the cultural difference between the tribes and nomads and the exiled people, and the contradiction in the lifestyle of the migrant with the small-scale agriculture of the desert areas, are among the factors behind the failure of the policy of the exile of the tribes in the Reza Shah Was? This research has been prepared by descriptive-analytical method and with the help of numerous archival documents and main sources. The findings of this research show that the difference between the climate of the mountainous and cold regions of the West and Northwest with warm and desert regions of the East, South and South-east of the country as well as cultural differences caused by the difference in religion, adiburssum and also the problem of language and communication between the exiles of tribes And the exile people, as well as the difference in livelihoods in the lifestyle of migrant farmers with small-scale farming in the desert areas, were due to the failure of the policy of the exile of the tribes in the Reza Shah era. Exiles did not have the capacity to recruit new emigrants in exile. Exchanging real estate also failed to prevent them from plundering their territories. The events after September 1941 indicate the failure of this policy.

The use of the ban on exile during the Qajar period was used to dispose of the influential person from the center. The princes and dwinnians were from this group of exiles. Meanwhile, the exile of the constitutional era is an exception. Because on both sides of the constitutional and oppositional constitutional movements they were seeking change in political construction, therefore, the purpose of their exile was to punish them, and not just to escape from Tehran. Meanwhile, the exile of the transition from the Qajar to Pahlavi, which included the exiles of the World War, the 1919 opposition and the 1299 coup opponents. The aim of the article is to examine the issue of exile during the transition from Qajar to Pahlavi and also to compare the state of exile in this period with the first period of Qajar. The method used in this research is the historical analysis method and the tools used are archival documents and main sources. The findings of this study indicate that exile is during the transition from the Qajar to the other side of the Qajar era. The exile climate, remoteness from the center, the control of the exiles, the exodus of the exile group and the diversity of the social groups of the exiles, as well as preventive exile, are specific elements of exile in this period that are not seen in the previous period. Deportation abroad as well as the interference of Russian and British governments in the exile of Iranian nationals will begin in this period.

During Reza Shah reign, propagandists of communist ideas were arrested and sent to exile. The policy of government in exile was different from that of other dissidents. The main purpose of this research is to determine which policy has been chosen and based on what elements. The hypothesis of this study shows that the enthusiasm of propaganda and spying activities of communists in the first half of the year influenced the kind of government’s encounter with them, which can be seen in the choice of exile, the provision of their jobs and their livelihood, and the duration of their exile. This research is based on descriptive analytical method and with the help of archival documents and archival sources. Wherever possible, there are numbers used for analysis. The findings of this research show that the entanglement of Soviet propaganda and spy activities during Reza Shah reign caused the government’s action to send communist to exile, and deportees with an inappropriate climate for them were considered. Communist activists were sent to exile from mostly frozen regions to religious, warm, dry, and domestic communities. Also due to the mixing of the propaganda and spying activities of these exiles and despite the fact that they were specialized forces that could be used to revitalize the era of Reza Shahi, they were strictly used to approach the security approach and were not using their capacity. Contrary to other exiles, Reza Shah’s regime maintained their approach to send communists on exile than exiled nationals. Exiles who opposed the three year reform were usually exiled for several months to one year, but the end of the exile period for exile activities was unclear and was not allowed to be freed. The punishment for exile in this period is a criminal offense, unlike time based imprisonment, and a person has spent a certain period in prison; however, in relation to exile during this period and in relation to communist and exiled exiles, time is not at all considered and the place of exile is important and there is no time for the end of the exile, and the time has come for the exiles to be released on September 13, 1941.

One of the main characteristics of Pahlavi era was the large number of the exiles who mainly opposed Reza Shah’s reforms. Thus, some of places of exile were defined by the regime. The article aims to study the Criteria of choosing places of exile in Reza Shah Period. Using a descriptive-analytic method based on original texts, the article tries to answer there is any significant relation between the climate and the availability of places of exile and job, opinion and type of social and political activism of the exiles. The results of the research show the fact that, the climatically and intellectually, places of exile were in the opposed point of the birthplace and political activities of the exiles. For example, a Shite clergy from a hot region who opposed the policy of unification of cloth was banished to a cold Sunni-dominated region.

Britain and Soviet Union during the Second World War, jointly invaded and occupied Iran, Then coerced Reza shah to abdicate and live in exile. They as Allies soon formed a Puppet government in Iran and imposed the tripartite pact, intervening in domestic affaires with breach of sovereignty and amity.
Under these circumstances, they set up diverse lockups to detain Iranians from various strata, presumably in charge of supporting Germany but, in fact, it was a pretext to prevent the anti-Britain and soviet personalities to attain parliamentary position. They also attempted to suppress the anti Britain and anti- soviet media and the various new and old opponents from Press, the Army, and Road administration and keep them in isolation. The also detained some groups from the Railways for their access to the Allie's secret and strategic information regarding the military vehicles, arms volume and vital straits and passages.

The immigration of the Ulama of Iraq to Iran was one of the most important events of Iran, which has been occurred in the beginning of years 1301 and 1302 hijri shamsi. The result of that immigration was the accomplishment of gathering of a group of famous Ulama and figures that played a prominent role in the Iranian issues. This research has studied the immigration of Ulama to Iran and its reflections and consequences by applying the descriptive – analytical method. This immigration was conducted in two period, the first occurred in middle of 1301 shamsi, contemporary with Malik Feisal reign, which Sheikh Mohammad Khalesizadeh and Sayyid Muhammad Sadr along with some of Iraqi political activists have been exiled from Iraq to Iran on that period. The second wave of immigration which was followed by reflections has been started in the late spring 1302, whereby some of maraji and leading authorities of “Atabat” were exiled to Iran. Immigration of Ulama to Iran and its reflection in the society, the dealing of Ulama of Iran with immigrant Ulama and the results and consequences of this event are the main topics of this paper.

Shahid (martyr) Sayyed Hasan Modarres was one of the most prominent representatives of the National Consultative Assembly (parliament) in the course of different years and assemblies after the Constitutional Revolution, and his name is intertwined with the concept of Assembly during the said period. While he was a nominee of the seventh parliamentary elections, he was not allowed to enter the Assembly; he was even expelled to Khwaf following an attack on October 8, 1928 to his home and his night detention. Hence, the fourth stage of his life, i.e. years of exile and prison, started, which lasted for nine years and a month and 24 days, until he was finally killed on November 1, 1937. There had been no reliable documents and therefore no reliable information on his days of exile, until a series of his instructions and notes named “The Treasury of Khwaf” was found and later published. This Treasury could partly shed light on the first two years and seven months of the life of Modarres in exile, yet the remaining two-third part of his exile was still unknown. Once some letters communicated between Modarres and his two sons, Sayyed Esma’il and Sayyed Abdul-Baqi were found, another significant part of his life was discovered. The present article seeks to shed light on a further aspect of Modarres’ life during exile and prison in Khwaf, based on the letters discovered.