جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "maghreb" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

The Islamic world had changed in the fifth and sixth centuries AH that led to the formation of the Almohads governments in the Islamic Maghreb. The flourishing period of the Almohads (543- 610/ 1148- 1213) included, created a new chapter in the developments of the west, attention tribal traditions, recruiting tribes, and securing trade routes, prosper cities and markets, as well as political relations with neighbors and stable interactions, Undoubtedly, it has been effective and important in trade and economic relations, which has not been taken into account. Therefore, the present study with a descriptive-analytical approach and with emphasis on sources answers the question that what factors led to the prosperity of the economy and trade interactions in the Almohads? And what actions did the Almohads caliphs take during this period? The findings of the study indicate that the Almohads in the flourishing period by creating security, interactions and relations, boosted the economy and regulated land and sea trade routes. This enabled them to establish stable trade and economic relations with their neighbors.

After the fall of the Sassanids, the Iranians did not succeed in creating a political order for a long time. The first government they established was outside the borders of Iran. This government had no Iranism tendency, however, emphasis of some resources on the race of its founder shows the effects of his historical background on the structure of the newly established government. The main issue of this paper is that “How Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam was able to establish a hereditary government far beyond the political-geographical boundaries of Iran using Islamic teachings?” This research shows that Abd al-Rahman paved the necessary way for foundation of a new government in North Africa using the ideas of the Kharijites and especially Ibadi movement and its emphasis on the principle of virtue and the Arab-Berber conflict in the political-social environment. Perhaps he adhered to the principles of Ibadism at first, however, by choosing his successor, i.e., his son named Abd al-Wahhab, he followed a different path. Although, it cannot be definitely considered that this was influenced by his historical background.

Adris bin Abdullah (172-177 AH) established the Idrissian government in the far west at the end of the second century. By creating security in trade routes and implementing sound economic policies, the Idrissians were able to provide the necessary grounds for the economic prosperity of the various economic sectors of the Far West. With tolerance, respect for private property, offering various economic plans, creating welfare facilities for traders and merchants, creating and developing economic centers such as numerous domestic markets and border markets, Idrissian caused domestic economic prosperity and prosperous trade with its neighboring governments. - Despite all the political, religious differences and conflicts of economic interests.This descriptive-analytical study seeks to answer the question: What special work did Idrissian do for the prosperity of trade in his time? And what is the place of trade in Idrissian relations with neighboring governments? The result is that the various actions of the Idrisian government led to the prosperity and expansion of trade in their time, and trade was an influential factor in the Idrissian relations with their neighboring governments, despite the enmity between them, and ultimately led to the longevity of their rule for two centuries.

The Almoravids as one of the most important Islamic states in the fifth century AH (the eleventh AD), after consolidating power and establishing legitimacy, ruled Maghreb and Andalusia. They first formed the movement in the Sahara and then succeeded to establish a government by careful planning and changing the military organization. On the one hand, supremacy over the various Maghreb tribes and domination over them, and the presence in Andalusia and jihad against the Christians, on the other hand, led to the formation of the Almoravids political power. Therefore, the analysis of the role of the evolutions and organization of the Almoravids in the establishment of their rule has been considerably important. Accordingly, the present study with a descriptive-analytical approach and by emphasizing the sources about and of this period tried to investigate the causes of the formation of the military power of the Almoravids and the changes they made in the military organization. The findings indicate that the Almoravids initially exploited the Maghreb's capacity for hegemony of power and established their sovereignty. Then they reformed the structure of the army and advanced to Andalusia for jihad. At this stage, they developed and innovated the army, and planned for various battles.

As Shia studies courses are growing in scientific centers and universities, the importance of studying this school of thought has highlighted, especially during recent decades and after the Islamic revolution of Iran which brought light to potentials of Shi’ism. Therefore, the present paper tries to assess a potential active community of Shiites in Morocco (Maghreb) by applying a descriptive approach and analyzing available discourses on the situation of Shi’ites, as well as studying their political – social situations in order to describe the historical evolution of Shi'ism in this country.
After analyzing the background of Shi'ism and formation of Shiite of government of Idrisid in Morocco in 172 (A.H.), the situation of Shiites in contemporary Morocco have been analyzed in a tangible way by mentioning today's symbols and describing social activities, it is concluded that Shiite teachings has formed a huge part of the oral tradition of people of this country. Later, Shi'ism expanded in Morocco affected by five key events: Idrisid government, Islamic revolution of Iran, modern communication networks, converted Moroccan and the activities of cultural institutes. Lastly the future of Shi'ism will be analyzed according to their activities and the Middle East and North Africa events.