جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « malayer » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The development of freeways in recent years has removed many historical routes and smaller cities from the country's passenger transportation cycle and harmed their economy. The necessity of protecting and revitalizing these routes is to know the talents and attractions in them. Since most of the country's roads were formed in the last century on the basis of the road network during the Qajar period, the historical sources of this period provide a better understanding of these routes. These sources are divided into two main European and Iranian categories. The extraction of appropriate geographical data from Iranian sources cannot be compared to the reports of European agents equipped with modern knowledge and tools. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explain the role of the reports of the European agents in the understanding of Iran's routes during the Qajar period, focusing on the Malayer-Borujerd route, which has been carried out by the historical analysis method and using first-hand sources from libraries and archives. The results show that the detailed reports of the European agents, besides being very different in the quality of the introduction of this route, have introduced another route by crossing the telegraph line as the main route, which is not mentioned in Iranian sources and is the shortest in terms of the distance, and rich in terms of natural and historical attractions. This can apply to many other parts of the country and be the subject of future research.

Tape Gourab is located at Jourāb Village, a suburb of Malayer township in Hamadan province, adjacent to the link road Arak-Malayer. Archaeological researches led by Ali Khaksar conducted on the site in 2006 to determine stratigraphy of the area achieved remarkable results. The site in its highest point is 28 meters above the surrounding lands. In order to provide data for absolute dating totally 13 samples of C14 have been taken from the stratigraphical layers on Tape. Three samples belong to Chalcolithic period. Dating of samples was conducted in the history and art laboratory at the University of Oxford and results were presented on March 4th of the year 2008. According to the chronology and considering the evidence of absolute chronology (C14), pottery and architectural evidence in Gourab, eight cultural periods have been distinguished: Middle Chalcolithic, Bronze Age (Kura-Arex), Iron III/ Achaemenid, Parthian, Sassanid, early Islamic Seljuk and Ilkhanid. Chalcolithic period data of Gourab Tape is comparable with the pottery from Godin Tape, Yaniq Tape, Siah-Bid and Choqa Maran. This paper focuses on the Chalcolithic period of Tape Gourab. According to the chronology and consider the evidence of absolute chronology (C14), pottery and architectural evidence in Gourab eight cultural periods can be specified: Middle Chalcolithic, ancient Bronze, Iron III? Or Achaemenid?, Parthian, Sassanid, early Islamic Seljuk and Ilkhanid. Chalcolithic period data of Gourab tape is comparable with pottery of areas around Godin tape, Yaniq Tape, Siah-Bid and Choqa Maran.

The importance of the Jibal province in the historical destiny of Iran has been highlighted as a result of many important historical events in the early Islamic centuries. Due to its situation on the connecting ways between the East and the West and as a one of the regions of the Jibal province, Malayer had played a significant role in the historical developments. This paper seeks to explain why historical references have been silent on Malayer, as well as to introduce the geographical places of the city in the early Islamic centuries. This paper shows that Malayer was named as Jwanaq (=Khwabaq) and was affiliated with Nihavand in those centuries, due to little historical data about Malayer, and as a result of change of the names during that time. However, some of its places have been known such as Ramen, Rakah, Goorab, Kesb, Karkan and Qarategin Meadows.

Cultural relation and cultural interaction among the prehistoric cultures of the Iranian Plateau have been always understood and perceived through the perspective of cultural zoning of Iran. Traditionally, resemblance between cultural materials, especially ceramic assemblages, has been anchored to approach understanding such interactions between different cultures. Before the 4th Millennium B.C. there is a few, if any, convincing evidence of cultural contact between the Central Zagros and Central Plateau. Y. Majidzadeh was the first who indicated the similarities between ceramic assemblages of Tappeh Ghabrestan in the Central Plateau with those of Godin VII and VI periods of the Central Zagros. During the past decade further evidence, mainly as ceramic collection, was obtained through archaeological fieldworks in the eastern portion of the Central Zagros manifesting further cultural contacts between these two regions. In 2007 a rescue excavation was conducted at an endangered site behind the Kalan Dam near Malayer. The site, Shat Ghilah, was a sherd scatter located on the right bank of the Kalan River, on a terrace 7 m above the river bed. The site had no visible height and its identification was possible only by a layer of sherds, about 80 m in length, protruding from the river-cut-section of the site. The surface sherd assemblage was a mixture of prehistoric and late Islamic pottery. Excavation at this site was part of the larger project of rescue excavations at some endangered sites identified in the reservoir area of the Kalan Dam. After the dam was completed the reservoir submerged the site. Three small trenches have been excavated at Shat Ghilah in the spring of 2007. Tr. 1, 4x3 m, was put on the edge of the river-cut section and was excavated to the depth of 230 cm below the surface. No trace of architecture or any feature was revealed but pottery-rich loose deposit which lay on a steep natural ground. No interface could be observed in the excavated profiles, suggesting a same formation process of the sequence. Trenches 2 and 3, each 2x2 m, was excavated aiming to find more tangible evidence pertaining to the nature of the site. These trenches proved to be devoid of any primary contexts, but produced a few stray ceramics associated with erosion-derived loose debris. Putting together the stratigraphic information obtained from the excavated trenches, it seems likely that most of the original site has been already washed away by Kalan River during the past millennia. Based on the length of the ceramic-rich layer exposed in the eroded section (some 80 m) and what the excavated trenches provided, it could be hypothesized that the original site was not probably larger than one hectare. While ceramic finds of Trenches 2 and 3 lack a reliable stratigraphic position, those of Trench 1 are well-stratified, abundant and mostly characteristic. Generally speaking, the ceramic assemblage of Shat Ghilah can be divided into two major groups: Buff Ware and Orange Ware; the former contains both plain and painted specimens, while the latter includes just plain ceramic. Ceramic comparisons, especially of Buff Ware, show a clear resemblance between the Shat Ghilah assemblage and those of the Godin VII and VI periods. The closest parallels, however, come from the Godin VI:3 and VI:2 Phases, manifesting a high percentage of painted ceramics than the preceding period. Other close parallels for Shat Ghilah ceramics are found farther in the east and north, in the Central Plateau, at the south mound of Sialk (Sialk III4-7b) in the Kashan Plain and Qabrestan in the Qazvin Plain, suggesting the cultural orientation of the site toward those areas.

Central Zagros and its eastern regions have relatively a favorable environmental condition for the formation of ancient settlements. One of these regions is Malayer intermountain plain that is located in the vicinity of Hamadan, Nahavand and Boroujerd. According to archaeological evidence, beginning of the setteling in this plain is Chalcolithic period. However, recent studies have identified several sites of the Neolithic in the region. The present study examined the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age settlement pattern in the southwest of the region. The research is based on the study of archaeological data obtained from the fieldwork of the region. For achieving considered goals, we have used and analyzed geographical information, using Arc GIS 9.2 software and then, for interpretation of data, Excel software was applied. By establish a data bank for the study, which is in the form of geographical information system, we carried out analysis on spatial distribution of the sites. Study of the neighborhoods cultures impact based on archaeological data is the other issues in this research. According to the comparison of data it can be said that cultural interactions have been between the central Zagros region and Kangavar plains. Analysis of the data has also revealed a linear model of sites distributed along the rivers and irrigation canals.

Troglodytic complex of Samen is located under the same city’s urban area, southeast of Hamadan, 15 Km to southwest of Malayer, 34° 12’ 34.62’’ longitude and 48° 42’ 12.96’’ latitude and at 1869 m altitude above sea. Being of Malayer suburbs, Samen is located at route among Malayer, Brujerd, and Nahavand where is counted climatically mountainous. Water sources of the region are seasonal rivers, springs, and several Qantas. Local people knew of such under-ground structure; however, for developments and urbanization there was no possibility for lo-cals to access to these spaces until recent earthen works, which accidentally uncovered parts of the structure in 2004. Four seasons of investigation including recognition, clearance, documen-tation, and excavation conducted during 2007, 2008, 2011, and 2012 under Ali Khaksari super-vision. The complex is consisted of underground architectural spaces where is structured Trog-lodytic ally under urban areas at granite rocks. Considering the complex structure that is differ-ent from the other archaeological site, resulted in distinct excavating method. Through excavat-ing, recovered data must be documented carefully; excavators should not dig for architecture or feature just the same as historical mounds. Topography was highly considered through con-struction activities, where vaulted ceilings were raised and storied. There have been 50 recov-ered architectural spaces at eight underground workshops within four archaeological excavation seasons. At 2m-8m depth, the spaces were made troglodytic ally that consisted of chambers and halls interconnected by openings, thresholds, and corridors. Dimensionally varied, they have various features including artificial floors, carved floors in rocks, thresholds, platforms, niches, and holes that were used for oil lamps. Regarding Samen structure and its differences with the other historic and ancient sites, excavating method should be different from the other sites ex-cavating methods. However, excavators do not follow structural remains or special architectur-al features in historic strata and regard significantly thorough documentation of findings from excavation. After recognizing underground workshops and spaces, every chamber was cleared and findings were recorded. At the same time, it was completely documented and planned con-sidering spatial features. Archaeological excavations started after identification, clearance, and documentation of underground spaces. One of the most valuable archaeological data, pottery is regarded culturally significant; because of numerous amounts of manufacturing and durability susceptible to various innovations and transformations through times. Underground troglodytic architecture complex at Samen, Malayer, regarding cultural data especially recovered potteries, is of the characteristic and unique sites with varieties of Islamic potteries (in present paper the authors only discussed to the Islamic pottery of Samen complex).The authors involve in inves-tigating various types of recovered potsherds through four seasons of archaeological research-es, then analyzing them for technics, forms, and decorations. Methodologically, the research is based on data from archaeological excavations and bibliographical investigations. Main goal of this research are introduction, survey and analysis pottery of this complex include technic, type and decorated. In this paper, authors try to identify import or local pottery making, survey con-nection with other produce center and chronology of potteries. Based on result, the potteries of this site are two group glaze and without glazes. The without glaze are eight and glaze pottery include a glaze pottery, glaze pottery whit add motif; inlaid potteries; Sgraffito ceramics; painting on glaze (Minai); painting under glaze (Ghalam Meshki); anthropomorphic and zoo-morphic Stylistic designs; blue and white; and lusterware which can be dated to middle and late Islamic centuries and imported potteries. The pottery of this site compare with pottery of other Islamic site while this issue probably results of vast connection other Islamic land in medieval Islamic period.

The function of the territory of Alishukr has been highlighted in the historical fate of Iran, beside of the emerge of Zand Dynasty from this area. Malayer as the homeland of Zand rulers was one of the areas of the territory of Alishukr. This region had a significant role in the historical developments due to its vicinity to the center of the territory, also its location at the communication ways from the east to the west, especially the shrines way. Despite the lack of historical data, this article seeks to introduce the geographical places in plain of Malayer, to explain the managerial and social structure of Malayer and its cultural and economic condition. This study shows that Malayer, as part of the territory of Alishukr was dependent on Hamadan from administrative viewpoint, in the Safavid period , due to the absence of major city. In this period, Malayer was been a one of the most important frontiers to support the invasion of Ottoman troops due to its appropriate communicative situation and passing of the shrines way through the region, and density and concentration of Qizilbash tribes. Therefore, these factors paved the way for the emergence of a powerful tribal context in the region.

The handmade subterranean architectural structure is a special kind of architecture that is in its creation does not require any construction materials but it needs many efforts and hard working to be produced The different types of this kind are visible in the different parts of Iran. A unique collection of this type of architecture is the troglodytic architectural complex of Samen, located about 90 km from the south of Hamadan, 15 km from the south west of Malayer. Accessibility to this complex has been possible first in 2006. This site is composed of about 50 troglodytic architectural spaces in different sizes including corridors, halls and rooms. Four successive research programs (identification, documentation, clearing and archeological excavations) were carried out on this complex from 2008 to 2011 conducted by one of us; Ali Khaksar. Field study of this complex brought to light not only the unknown characteristics of such subterranean architecture but resulted in to discover about 60 human bone fragments. Our comparative analysis on the materials found from the site as well as on the human bone fragments led to conclude the site has been in use during the Parthian period.

Tappeh Gourab is located at E 34 ، 13‘، 29. 3 “and N 48 ، 52’، 00. 4”، 1823 meters above sea level and close to the Gourāb Village a Suffragan of Malayer town in Hamadan province، adjacent to the link road Arak-Malayer. The archaeological investigations carried out by Ali Khaksar in 2006 aiming to determine stratigraphy and limit of the site during which remarkable results were achieved. The site has been registered on the National Heritage List with No. 1042 in 1984. Then in 2006 archeological excavations were done. Tappeh Gourab was identified in 1962 and Mehdi Rahbar according to the pottery comparisons، attributed the site to Sassanid era; meanwhile the site was investigated by Mr. Ahmad Kabiri. He believed there are remains of prehistoric periods (mid-4th millennium B. C.) and in the higher floors the 1st millennium potteries are attested. There were also multi-Islamic era potteries of particularly Ilkhanid era on top of the site. Archaeological excavation of the Tappeh Gourab were done in two apart tranches to determine the limit of the cultural deposit area and offering the boundary. Determining the limit of the site، 14 test trenches were excavated in different directions. As a result، the actual dimensions of the site was about 200 × 340 m were identified over the area that represents 8. 3 hectares. Stratifying the site، three tomography trenches were established. The Northeast trench is known as the main stratigraphic trench. The stratigraphic trench in the northeastern part of the site، in an sloppy area close to vertical direction was established with basic dimensions of 2 × 2 m in the northeast - southwest order. The tranche 1 is an step trench and 1. 5 × 1. 5 meter in diameter، placed in front of stratigraphic trench in the northeastern part of the site. Trench 14 is located at the Northern part of the site. It is 1. 50 × 1. 90 m. In three trenches 29. 68 meters of the deposits via 3 trenches were excavated led to discover 53 catalogs، 7 structures، 7 Features and 4 locus. Providing the absolute dating، totally 13 C14 samples have been taken of which 6 samples are from the Yaniq culture deposit and dating of samples was conducted in the laboratory Oxford University. According to the evidences of absolute chronology، pottery and architectural evidences of Tappeh Gourab، 8 cultural periods can be specified: Middle Chalcolithic، Early Bronze Age، Iron III (?) / Achamenid (?)، Parthian، Sassanid، Early Islamic، Seljuk and Ilkhanid. Deposit related to the Early Bronze Age is 5. 80 m without gap from the Middle and Late Chalcolithic. Because of the architectural structures associated with the Iron Age III / Achamenid، the upper part of Early Bronze Age deposits (K 24-36) were disturbed. Yaniq data of Tappeh Gourab is comparable with those from Tappeh Pisa، Godin Tepe، Yaniq Tape، Gol Tepe، Eastern Anatolia، Asvan Kale، South Anatolian Plateau، Mus in Turkey، Sos Hoyuk، Büyüktepe Höyük. Comparing the C14 analysis from Tappeh Gourab and the current dating of Godin Tepe، it seems that some reviews on the dating of Yaniq culture in Central Zagros is necessary.