جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "medieval iran" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

The end of the fifth century AH in the history of Khorasan with the presence of the great Sufi elders in the Islamic society, the formation of Sufi allegorical literature, Sufi teachings and the emergence of the social institution of the monastery expanded. At the same time, during this period, Sunni and Shiite sectarian conflicts with hadith and controversial literature on the principles and sub-principles of religion, especially the issue of Imamate and the superiority of the righteous caliphs, had spread in this area. The problem of the article is that according to the intellectual foundations of Islamic mysticism and the allegorical expression style of Sufi literature, the Persian-speaking Sufis of Khorasan who addressed the general public presented what images and themes about the character of the righteous caliphs in Sufi allegorical literature from the sacred history of Islamic faith. It perpetuated social harmonization among Sufi Brotherhood groups beyond local and ideological differences; Findings of the article show that since Sufism and mysticism have claimed unity, love, brotherhood and equality, in Sufi literature by presenting an allegorical style in Persian from the sacred history of Islamic faith and considering the emotional function of language about the meaning of thoughts and actions of caliphs. In the early history of Islam, the position of the Rashidun caliphs was defined in a unifying way in terms of spiritual equality in mystical positions.

The barbarian people who came to Iran in the middle centuries, and sometime later came to power, despite the claims of protecting and respecting the Shari'a, did not adhere to the teachings of Islam in protecting the rights of others, especially the opposition, in practice. It is noteworthy that this approach was not only taken by them, and rival groups and other actors in the field of politics practically took such a course, and on that basis, a huge amount of the means of punishment in the religious political conflicts of Iran was used at that time.Therefore, this research seeks to answer the main question why and how these tools were used to punish the guilty and innocent ones!  In order to answer this question, the authors, using descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, first of all investigated the type and manner of using punitive instruments, and then their degree of conformity with the Shari'a doctrines and their application in the course of the intended period were reviewed

Abstract:This research seeks to review evolutionary trend of the title “Zill-ullah” (the shadow of God) applying for the Iranian kings (Sultans) in medieval period as well as to describe its usage as cited in historical sources and mirrors for princes (Andarz Nameh). Therefore¡ this research endeavors to answer these questions: What was the historical trend of using Zill- ullah in historical sources and the mirrors for princes and since when and why it had been used and applied as the title of kings? The findings which is based on historical explanation¡ demonstrates that Zill- ullah had basically used in historical sources to describe the Caliphs. Since the 5th century (AH) onward¡ it had limitedly been used only to tribute some sultans but not as a title. In early medieval it used to refer to a legitimate just king but gradually it was routinized so then referred to the governors¡ either being righteous or oppressor. This research also proves that the trend of transferring this title from the Caliphs to Sultans at first had started in historical sources and then in mirrors for princes. However¡ after Ghazali’s Nasihat al muluk¡ some of the mirrors for princes also played an important role to support the Sultanate concept of Zill-ullahi through using various justifications.

Taxes and the related administrative structure are among important issues in the study of economic history of medieval Iran. Fiscal and tax events were recorded in special documents; therefore, studying and classifying them is the first step in clarifying the administrative processes of taxation and its accountings. Taxation expressions and documents are described in a number of texts before 10th century A. H (15th century A. D). Even though there are a few studies on taxes, there is no independent study on tax documents. This paper, with the use of explanatory method in historical research, has tried to answer this question: What was the structure of tax documents and books in administration system of medieval Iran? Findings show that documents, based on priori and posteriori relation with taxation events, can be divided into two main groups of reference documents and current documents. Reference documents, containing budget documents and statistical and cadastral books, were used as a source for taxation activities. Current documents were various books and reports assigned to recording, classifying, and summarizing fiscal events and their results.

The Inha System—which can be translated as the intelligence service, the news agency, or even the espionage service—was adopted by the governments during the Persian Middle Period as a strategy to maintain internal security. Governments, in this period, were forced to create their intelligence services in the forms of such institutions as the Courier System, the Controllership Bureau, and the Inha System in order to properly manage the extensive realm of government by means of collecting news and information from every corner of the country by training a number of spies called Monhees. Dealing with information, intelligence, and domestic security, such institutions were regarded as the “eyes and ears” of governments throughout the territory because of their inspection, controlling, and espionage services. The present study tries to explain the concepts of Inha and Monhee and analyze the functions of this intelligence institution in espionage activities and its role in the stability of central governments during the middle period of Iran’s history in a descriptive-analytical manner. Findings of the present study show that the Intelligence Service had a high status in the governmental system since the proper functioning, or else the incompetence, of espionage-intelligence organizations could determine the survival or the extinction of a political power.

From a socially enlightened point of view, the educational programs offered to the masses should not be guided by the traditional gender bias and principle of inequality. The society which follows a socially progressive strategy must draw dividends from the knowledge and abilities of all members whether male or female. The people themselves must choose their educational paths based on their individual preferences. When contemplating the educational texts of medieval Iran and Safavid Persia, it becomes clear that the masters of tutelage had two distinct objectives for the instruction of men and women. The present study, by applying the historical method and by making extensive use of primary and secondary sources, strives to explore the diverse dimensions of this canonical problem. This enquiry demonstrates that the absence of women from the society and their lack of effective engagement in the socioeconomic sphere, along with their powerlessness in making strategic decisions on matters pertaining to the public domain were the direct consequences of the isolationist methods utilized in the education of women. This was partially accomplished by barring women from attending schools, and subsequently imposing upon them an isolated and passive existence in the society. This societal construct was further perpetuated by educational models that encouraged, nay demanded men to adopt and protect this maladaptive tradition. Despite all systemic obstacles and in the face of cruel odds, when the conditions permitted, the genius of many Safavid women flourished and contested the confines of their limited social spheres. Nevertheless, these accomplishments were often restricted to the woman’s personal domain and did not thrive in the grand socio-cultural realm.