جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « modernity » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The concepts of tradition and modernity are among the issues that have created significant challenges in the intellectual frameworks of thinkers concerning civilization and governance in contemporary times. Accordingly, the aim of this research was to examine Imam Khomeini's management approach in relation to tradition and modernity and their role in civilization building. This research is development-oriented and employs a mixed methodology. In the qualitative section, the research utilized a grounded theory approach. By employing this approach, which involved focusing on words, analysis, description, clarification, and interpretation of supporting theories and empirical texts, data was collected. Additionally, the qualitative sample comprised academic experts, and through chain sampling, the interviews reached theoretical saturation. Based on the Strauss and Corbin (1997) model, the main categories and research factors were identified. To evaluate the adequacy of the research, interpretive research evaluation indicators were used. Through review and validation by participating members in the validation process, the findings of the study were deemed to have the necessary credibility and trustworthiness. The results of the quantitative data also confirmed the significance of all categories in the explanatory model. Overall, the findings indicate that Imam Khomeini's management approach is effective in the civilization-building of the Islamic world.

Understanding an idea in the form of its flow and analysis of its types is a well-known necessity in the history of thought, which reveals the origin of the species and provides a better understanding to researchers in the field of thought. Meanwhile, Egypt, as one of the most important centers of the history of contemporary Muslim thought, has always played a pivotal role. Among the researches conducted in Farsi language, less attention has been paid to the recognition and analytical categorization of the social-intellectual currents of Egypt. Therefore, the main question of this research is the nature, why and how of Egyptian intellectual currents in the 19th century. The research method of this article is descriptive-analytical. The result of this research shows that in the 19th century, three continuous trends can be identified, all of which gradually in their historical course, after the structural reform, reach reform in thought or Ijtihad. In fact, the concern of modifying the appearance and structuralism gradually gains intellectual and ideological depth. Keywords: tradition, modernity, Egypt, West, reform, consciousness, social revolution.

Following the industrial revolution and developments in America, Iranians began to look for the reason for the growth and progress of this country. One of the topics they followed was the emerging technologies in this country, including the electricity industry. The present article, with a descriptive-analytical approach and interpretation of press texts and unpublished documents, aims to analyze how Qajar period Iranians encountered electricity technology in America and to make it clear that Iranians during the Qajar period entered America for the knowledge and electrical industry. What challenges did the country face? The results of the research show that the intellectuals reflected the progress of the electricity industry in America in their writings within the framework of critical discourse. They realized that in order to compensate for Iran's backwardness in this field, electricity technology should be imported from America to the country. On the other hand, the tourists who had traveled to America, by observing the scientific and technical progress and understanding its fundamental effects on the transformation of this country, on the necessity of modernizing Iran with They emphasized the use of American science and technology, this goal was pursued more seriously by the political elites in order to directly and indirectly provide the way for the introduction of this technology that would lead to the progress of the Iranian society, but in this way there were obstacles that caused the electric technology and New principles did not enter Iran under the teachings of American experts and engineers, and their efforts were only limited to familiarizing Iranians with the importance of the electrical industry and its role in the evolution of America, which of course was considered a very important thing in those times.

The arrival of modernity and the new European culture in Iranian society had an impact on political, social and cultural structures and caused these structures to undergo certain changes. A large part of these changes affected the social and cultural sphere, especially the lifestyle and etiquette of Iranian society. One of the customs that went through change was the greeting, especially the tradition of shaking hands. This article aims to investigate the arrival, acceptance and significance of the new handshake as a sign of the modern and Western (so-called Farangi) style of greeting and human interaction using the descriptive-analytical method. The results show that following cultural interactions with Europeans and the spread of Western culture and customs, the Western-style handshake became popular in Iran from the Naserid period onward and the nature of the manner of handshake and its conceptual and semantic implications changed significantly. In this new way, the handshake became a common practice and it transformed from an etiquette reserved for special occasions and individuals into a wide-ranging social practice.

With the confrontation of Qajar-era Iran with the West and awareness of their growth, the need to know the new civilization became apparent. Although Iranians were in direct contact with the West, many of these experiences were transmitted through intermediary routes, including the Ottoman Empire, and especially in the intellectual atmosphere of Istanbul. One of the ways to know the West is the influence of Akhtar and Soroush newspapers in Istanbul, before and after the constitutional revolution, by using translation. Therefore, the question arises, what effect did the translation of Istanbul's intellectual-political developments in these newspapers have on their critical discourse? This research tries to answer this question based on the descriptive-analytical method based on the collection of library information and access to the archives of these newspapers. The findings of the research show that Akhtar and Soroush newspapers were influenced by the Ottoman intellectual atmosphere and the translation of political news and articles in these newspapers had a profound effect on their critical discourse. In addition, it was found that the translators and writers of these newspapers helped to transfer modernity and critical thinking to Qajar period Iran. As a result, the critical discourse, passing through the Ottoman Empire and being influenced by it, found a special manifestation that was more compatible with the Eastern and Islamic-Iranian culture.

Changing and reforming the educational system was the central concern of a range of modern thinkers of the advanced Pahlavi era, which appeared as a modernist discourse in the cultural sphere of this time. The play was one means of expressing these concerns, which, as a new type of writing, could express new concepts in a conversational and story-like format. In the current research, while analyzing the content of constitutional plays and Pahlavi's advanced period, an attempt has been made to examine the mentality of some of the modernist elites in connection with education and its relationship with the country's cultural development. An analytical examination of the content of these plays shows a change in the education discourse, a development that can be interpreted as a modernism manifestation. Criticism of the traditional attitude and introduction of new themes, a new conceptualization of “homeland”, insisting on the necessity of education for all, including adults, and emphasizing physical education alongside education, is a reflection of this discourse evolution. Also, the change in the playwriting approach of the Pahlavi period, compared to the constitutional period, was a function of the political conditions of the time, which was consistent with the policies of the Pahlavi government in the modernization field. In addition, the particular focus on the concept of a better future for the “homeland” in these plays can be seen as a reflection of the nationalism discourse of the Pahlavi era, which focused on the importance of education as a corridor for the transition to a developed and advanced country in the view of the modernists of this era.

The Literary works of poetry and prose in the constitutional period were of a significant role in the ups and downs of the constitutional movement. These works both influenced and were affected by this movement. Literary works developed in Tabriz and in line with the actions of the Azerbaijan State Association and with the aim of strengthening the spirit of reformism, raised the issues led to the removal of old thoughts and the manifestation of new ones in the field of science and culture and provided the ground for acceptance of intellectualism and wakefulness. This article, relying on the descriptive-analytical method of research and the complete collection of issues of " Newspaper of Tabriz Association" as well as the collection of " Amir Hossein Nikpour’s Personal Documents " has tried to investigate the role of literary works related to the constitutional era in Tabriz and its position in the fateful confrontation of old and new thoughts that finally led to the continuation of pre constitutional traditions and the failure of innovations

In the last hundred years, there have been many discuss over determining the origin of Iran's contemporary history, and it has turned this issue into a controversial issue. As events such as the establishment of the Safavid government, wars between Iran and Russia, the kingdom of Naser al-Din Shah, the Russian Revolution, the coup d'état of 1921, etc., have been mentioned as the origins of Iran's contemporary history. Therefore, the main issue is that When does the contemporary history of Iran begin? Which historical event in Iran is so worthy and important that it can be considered as the origin of contemporary Iranian history? The author discusses the most important ideas about the origin of Iran's contemporary history with a descriptive-explanatory method and with a critical approach. The author considers modernity to be the main cause of the emergence of the new world and the basis of the formation of contemporary history, and she believes that modernity is the inevitable destiny of all the nations of the world In Iran, the confrontation with modernity started with the Iran-Russia wars. But the broadest level of modern changes and reforms in Iranian society was achieved only with the help of constitutionalism. The constitution was the only event that could transform all fields of political, social, intellectual, religious, and economic life in Iran and create a modern Iranian man and a new Iranian civilization. Therefore, constitutionalism is the origin of Iran's contemporary history.

During the Qajar era, an important factor for Iranian society's familiarity with Western modernity was the travel of Iranian thinkers and tourists to India. Among these thinkers, Abdul Latif Shoushtari was a prominent figure, whose role has been much studied yet. The present paper seeks to answer these question: how Western modernity in India was reflected in Abdul Latif Shoushtari's discourse and what effect it had on the Iranian evolution of political thought? This paper is using descriptive-analytical method and discourse analysis theory. The findings of this study show that, although Shoushtari included many components of Western modernity in his book, and as a pioneer in this field, played a constructive role in the initial introduction of modernity to Iranian society as well as later thinkers to this, however, his knowledge was mostly based on appearances and manifestations, without deep knowledge of the basics and foundations of modernity.

Khorshid Banoo is one of the most important progressive and modernist women of the 13th century AH / 19th century AD in Qarabagh region. His family situation caused his life to be tied to politics, willingly or unwillingly. Khorshid Banoo's childhood and adolescence coincided with the political and military turmoil and tensions in the region, especially in Karabakh, which led to her tendencies towards modernity and modernism. The pursuit and understanding of modernity in various social, cultural and literary aspects of Qarabagh by a woman and a prince is significant and important, which will be addressed in this study. In this research, we try to answer the questions of how modernity ideas were created in Khorshid Banoo and what role did Khorshid Banoo play in the social, cultural and literary modernity of Karabakh? Findings show that acquaintance with different personalities in the idea of ​​modernity through his numerous trips to various cities in the Caucasus, especially Tbilisi, as well as his family situation has had a major impact on the modernization of the Karabakh region. Despite many problems, Khorshid Banoo's activities in creating civic institutions, civilizations and the flourishing of literature have had a major impact on increasing the cultural and social level of the Karabakh community.

After the weakness of Islamic civilization and in contrast to the beginning of the process of growth and development in Western countries, Islamic thinkers have paid more attention to the subject of civilization, what and its influential factors than ever before and compared to Western civilization new approaches to the evolution of Islamic societies and indicators of civilization. The instrument has been proposed. Mohammad Abed Jaberi is one of the contemporary thinkers and thinkers who has analyzed and studied the political and social developments in the history of Islam under the influence of the developments in Western societies. Using a descriptive-analytical method based on library studies, the present article addresses the main question: what are the components of civilization from Jabri's point of view? Findings show that Jaberi considers the key role of the three elements of belief, booty, and tribe in the study of the history of Islamic culture and civilization and tries to analyze the contemporary political developments in the Islamic world with a critical approach. From Jabri's point of view, the solution for the development of Islamic societies depends on understanding the requirements of the time, adapting to the concepts of the modern world such as democracy, modernity, and political reason.

The modernists and enlighteners of the Bukhara Emirate, in response to the political, social, economic and cultural backwardness of the Emirate and the subsequent domination of Tsarist Russia over the Central Asian region, which led to familiarity with Russian and European modernity and culture, called for reforms in various fields. Including literature and the education system. This thinking led to the formation of a movement called the "Maarifparvari Movement" led by Ahmad Makhdoom Danesh (1243-1314 AH / 1828-1897 AD). Ahmad Danesh attributes the backwardness of his society to the two ruling forces in Bukhara; The masters considered politics and religion and called for political, educational, literary and cultural reforms in the traditional Bukhara society. In this study, the author intends to answer the question by looking at the activities of Ahmad Danesh, what actions did Danesh take with the aim of reforming Bukhara, and what achievements and reactions did these actions lead to? The results of the research indicate that he criticized the tyranny of the rulers and the ignorance and backwardness of the conservative clerics and tried to understand and popularize literary and written works and return to the original national and historical traditions in cultural affairs. He sought to reform society and called for a change in the view of the role of government, people and religion in Bukhara society; In response to Ahmad Danesh's activities, Bukhara's conservative scholars accused him of blasphemy and heresy.

The study of the contemporary history of Iran Indicates the influence of the role-playing of social forces such as intellectuals, in formation of foundations and substructures of political-social evolutions in Iranian society. One of the fundamental evolution at this point is the emergence of intellectual current, called «Religious Modernity». But the present study, considering the importance of the emergence of religious modernism and it's role in the evolution of Iranian history, has investigated the political-social ideas of intellectuals and the discourse of Islam, in interaction with western modernity in attitude of religious modernist in a descriptive-analytical method using library resources, therefore the purpose of the present study is to answer this question, what are the characteristics of the interaction between religion and the modernity in the political and social attitude of intellectuals of this period? The results of present study in research of the political-religious discourse of intellectuals such as Sharia'ti and Bazargan, indicates a close interaction between religion and science in the religious intellectuals idea, thus Islam in relation to Modernity and new scientific concepts in intellectuals aspect, defined as an ideology, with broad social functions as well as an inseparable element.

From the first decades of the twentieth century, with the advent of French colonization (1881-1956), women and their rights came into focus. During this period, following the influence and growth of the religious reform movement in the region, the dominant discourse in Tunisia was the discourse of Islamic modernity. Proponents of women's rights also took an Islamic approach to defending feminism, using religious interpretations to put religious concepts at the service of the feminist movement. Issues such as hijab, women's education and employment, polygamy and the right to divorce were challenged, but were met with a backlash from the public and some traditionalist scholars. The main issue of the present study is, firstly, what factors led to the evolution of the status of women and the formation of women's advocacy movements during the colonial period, and secondly, what were the consequences of these developments? Findings show that factors such as the arrival of modernity in Tunisia, the role of colonialism, the support of Islamic modernists for women's rights and the formation of unions had an effective role in improving the social status of women and issues such as girls' schools In social and political activities, it was one of the important consequences of the reforms. These reforms paved the way for further wider developments, namely government support for feminism and the emergence of a secular women's movement during Tunisia's independence.

With the rise of the Qajar dynasty and the formation of a powerful central unit government, Iran entered a new phase of its political and social life. This era continued differently with the Kingdom of Fath Ali Shah. The establishment of the Tabriz's Dar al-Saltaneh in 1213 AH, with the presence of great ministers such as Mirza Isa, Mirza Abolghasem Ghaem-Maqam-Farahani, led Abbasmirza Nayeb al-Saltanah in a course that took Tabriz out of the "old court" of Tehran to become the focal point for the "new design." The heavy defeats of Russia created a deep and profound intellectual crisis in Abbas Mirza's minds, the great deputy, and the community, which raised a grand cause that could be considered the beginning of the Iranian awakening. Simultaneously, with the change in the army and the establishment of a new system, Tabriz's modernization was not left alone in thought; These changes later became a model for similar actions in Tehran and then in some Iranian cities. This article seeks to read modernity in Tabriz's Dar al-Saltaneh. The effects of this reading have materialized in Tabriz and have become a model for urban change in Qajar, Pahlavi-era Iran. The principles of modern urbanism in the "Tabrizi Style" and "Tabriz School" became the starting point for transforming Iranian cities and urbanization. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to investigate this claim by using text and sources and analyzing data based on descriptive and explanatory methods.

Iran and Egypt are two of the most important "think-tanks" in the Islamic world whose political and social and religious thinkers have sought to identify and combat the causes of backwardness and decline in Islamic societies. Cultural, historical, and religious backgrounds, along with factors such as the geopolitical position and special status of the two countries in the Muslim world, have brought about many similarities in the course of social and political developments of these two societies in contemporary times. The present study, using the theoretical framework of the analysis of the critical discourse of Norman Farklaf, Lakla and Moufeh, seeks to answer the question of what religious thought in Iran and Egypt is based on the ideas of Sheikh Hadi Najmabadi in Iran and Sheikh Mohammed Abdo in Egypt. Opportunities and achievements, as well as challenges and obstacles? The findings of the study of the thought of these religious scholars, with emphasis on information gathering based on library and documentary practices, indicate that the experience of religious scholarship in these countries in issues such as rationalism, superstition, ignorance and frustration with The West has a similar situation in the struggle against tyranny and colonialism and in trying to unite the Islamic Ummah, and they have different positions on issues such as secularism, ethnicity and nationalism.

One of the greatest aspirations of reformers and Iranian modernists was to transform the country's educational system. In fact, sending students to European countries and paying attention to their educational systems was in line with these goals. In the late decades of the Qajar era, the press described the American educational system and its advantages over European countries. present study is based on descriptive-analytical method and relying on the Press of Qajar era, unpublished documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Documentation Center of Iran, for the first time examines the impact of the American educational system on Iran in the Qajar era and shows As a result of the propaganda and efforts of the Qajar press, as well as factors such as the National Iranian-American Association, and in particular the efforts of prominent Iranian diplomats in the United States, the Qajar government has been persuaded to model the American educational system, taking the first steps, which were to send students to the that country, and Between the time of the constitution and the extinction of the Qajar, a large number of Iranian graduates returned to the United States, providing comprehensive development opportunities.

During the Qajar era, extensive measures were taken to compensate for the undeveloped Iranian of western civilization. Firstly, the military reforms were done and then the plan of bureaucracy’s improvement and government discipline was reformed. The third stage was social reform that took place during the Naseri era. This reforms, like previous programs needed to be modified from up to down society, so that social reformers prepared a plan for the Shah’s travels to the west. Although, These reforms should have led to a fundamental change in the heart of society and the way of life of people, both men and women, in real what happened was that women were ignored in this process. The research have tried with a descriptive-analytic method through a study of diary’s Nasser Al Din Shah the position of women in program’s modernity that’s why they were eliminated from this project. The research claim that some factors of patriarchal custom, religious (The Sharia that supports this custom), the traditional mentality of women and finally the Shah’s upbringing and his belief led to the removal of women from this project.

Tunisia became acquainted with modernity in the first decades of the nineteenth century. The first stage of modernization in Tunisia began with the modernization of Ahmad Bey(1855-1837) and his successor, and continued until the French colonial (1881) began Pepeda. The second stage of modernization began with the French colonialism and continued up and down until the beginning of independence and the formation of the Republican system in Tunisia. The trend of modernism in this period was more than anything else influenced by the idea of religious reformism of Egypt, and modernist thinkers faced a kind of critique in the face of modernity and the West. This model of modernism from which is called Islamic modernism, called for modernity in line with Islamic culture and redefined religious concepts. Thus, in this period, new developments took place in the political, cultural and social spheres that followed this approach.