جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "modernity" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

 After the fundamental modernizations in the early Pahlavi era, Iranian women’s life underwent many changes. In the meantime, the Gilan region as a connecting bridge between Iran and the northern neighboring countries became one of the important regions in the women's modernization movement. Although this process started after the establishment of girls' educational institutions, it accelerated at the beginning of Reza Shah's rule and the formation of special women's communities in Rasht, that main goal was to promote the cultural and social thoughts of the people, especially women. Among these associations, "Paik-e Sa’adat-Nesvan" magazine, with Roshanak Nodoost management, in 1921-1931 had an effective role in the cultural activities of Rasht. According to the hypothesis of rationalism and modeling of women’s life in other nations, the main goal of the Paik-e Sa’adat- Nesvan was to raise awareness and women's reforms. Now this question is raised, what effect did the Paik-e Sa’adat- Nesvan have on Rasht women’s cultural and social life? The findings of the research show that this publication aimed to create self-confidence among women, break tradition in society, encourage women to new education and fight against injustice in the patriarchal society of that period. This study analyzes and investigates in this field by using the historical and descriptive-analytical approaches. Its data is Paik-e Sa’adat-Nesvan articles, archival documents and library sources. It has focused its investigation on the indicators of education, mothers' health, women’s employment and marriage..

The concepts of tradition and modernity are among the issues that have created significant challenges in the intellectual frameworks of thinkers concerning civilization and governance in contemporary times. Accordingly, the aim of this research was to examine Imam Khomeini's management approach in relation to tradition and modernity and their role in civilization building. This research is development-oriented and employs a mixed methodology. In the qualitative section, the research utilized a grounded theory approach. By employing this approach, which involved focusing on words, analysis, description, clarification, and interpretation of supporting theories and empirical texts, data was collected. Additionally, the qualitative sample comprised academic experts, and through chain sampling, the interviews reached theoretical saturation. Based on the Strauss and Corbin (1997) model, the main categories and research factors were identified. To evaluate the adequacy of the research, interpretive research evaluation indicators were used. Through review and validation by participating members in the validation process, the findings of the study were deemed to have the necessary credibility and trustworthiness. The results of the quantitative data also confirmed the significance of all categories in the explanatory model. Overall, the findings indicate that Imam Khomeini's management approach is effective in the civilization-building of the Islamic world.

The national identity of Iranians is a historical issue and there is a definite agreement on this historical point that existing Iranians have always been close to each other during their long history and have lived within certain geographical boundaries that they have played a role in managing or defending. The result of this shared and long history, despite some historical differences, ruptures and interruptions, cultural-ethnic pluralism and identity diversity has been nothing but social cohesion and integration. Iranians have been a nation from their historical past until today, while none of our country's neighbors today have had the experience of being a nation like Iranians. The purpose of this article is to provide a sociological analysis of the evolution of identity sources in Iranian society. First, to clarify the concept of "identity" and "national identity", which are among the complex and complicated concepts in the field of social sciences, the conceptual space of these two categories is discussed and then the evolution of identity sources in Iran in different periods of ancient Iran, and the formation of Iranian identity is discussed to this day. The history of Iranian national identity is divided into five distinct periods with their own sources and elements, including Iran of the ancient period, Iran of the Islamic period, Shiite Iran of the Safavid period, Iran of the Qajar period, and finally contemporary Iran. Moreover, in each period, the elements of specific national identity and the crises and ruptures that Iranian identity has encountered are analyzed.

Criticism is one of the characteristics of new thought in Qajar era Iran. The beginning of criticism in this period was the writings of Fath Ali Akhundzadeh, which covered a wide range. He criticized everything from religion to individual and social behavior and was more frank than any other thinker. Although other modern Iranian thinkers of that time were not as frank as him, they took the basic themes of criticism from him. Akhundzadeh brought "criticism" from literature and history and its basic themes to politics. The basic problem of this research is to pay attention to "criticism" as a starting point for political modernism, in the light of which, traditional and modern political patterns are criticized and attention to the problem of governance and its shortcomings starts from this point. Therefore, the main question of this research is how to categorize intellectuals' criticism of governance? Based on its themes, it can be known as "criticism of tyranny", "criticism of governance methods without direct denial of tyranny" and "criticism of modernist governance efforts". The first one was with the formation of the concept of "dispute" in Akhundzadeh's thought and its continuation in the concept of "tyranny". The second one was the efforts of people such as Malkam, Moshtar al-Doulah, and Majdal Molk, and the third one was created in Akhundzadeh's thinking in criticizing the legalistic efforts of the Nasrid era and Talebov's critique of constitutionalism.

At the threshold of the new era, the concept of Iran's subjects underwent a significant break and thematic transformation. In the pre-constitutional era, especially during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah, the understanding of the modern age and the promotion of modern awareness created a generational fault. The proponents of the new models emphasized themes such as the establishment of the House of Justice and the National Council to create conditions that would allow for the defense of public rights. These developments, influenced by European modernity, paved the way for a transition to a new concept of nationhood in Iran. Therefore, the question is: how was the semantic transformation of the concept of the law-making nation established despite the existence of the Shari'i tradition in matters of legislation? The writers aim to demonstrate the reproduction and incorporation of the new concept of the nation in Iran through the method of conceptual history. The emergence of the concept of the 'legislator' nation, as articulated by the lawyers of the Constituent Assembly/First Assembly, represented a new experience in which, according to the constitutional amendment, the nation of Iran and its legislators became the source of legitimacy for the new system. Themes such as the sovereignty of the will of the nation, the need for accountability of government officials, the limitation of the monarchy, and commitment to the nation were institutionalized in practice.

As Iran confronted Western modernity and the resulting discursive conflicts, discussing women, their identity, and their living conditions became a central topic. A wide range of discourses formed around these issues, making women a significant focus of debate. This article examines the modernist discourses on women, utilizing critical discourse analysis to explore the semantic construction of the modern woman in these discourses. It addresses the question of what the subject of the modern woman meant in the modernist discourse of the Qajar era, what ideologies dominated this discourse on women, and what position this discourse achieved in the dominant discourse of the constitutional era.The research findings indicate that the modern woman, who was formed in opposition to tradition, is constructed in the modernist discourse as a demanding and critical subject. By criticizing traditions and focusing on the core idea of equality, it seeks modern identity elements for women like those for men. This discourse has been more successful in propositions that did not explicitly oppose tradition.

Understanding an idea in the form of its flow and analysis of its types is a well-known necessity in the history of thought, which reveals the origin of the species and provides a better understanding to researchers in the field of thought. Meanwhile, Egypt, as one of the most important centers of the history of contemporary Muslim thought, has always played a pivotal role. Among the researches conducted in Farsi language, less attention has been paid to the recognition and analytical categorization of the social-intellectual currents of Egypt. Therefore, the main question of this research is the nature, why and how of Egyptian intellectual currents in the 19th century. The research method of this article is descriptive-analytical. The result of this research shows that in the 19th century, three continuous trends can be identified, all of which gradually in their historical course, after the structural reform, reach reform in thought or Ijtihad. In fact, the concern of modifying the appearance and structuralism gradually gains intellectual and ideological depth. Keywords: tradition, modernity, Egypt, West, reform, consciousness, social revolution.

Following the industrial revolution and developments in America, Iranians began to look for the reason for the growth and progress of this country. One of the topics they followed was the emerging technologies in this country, including the electricity industry. The present article, with a descriptive-analytical approach and interpretation of press texts and unpublished documents, aims to analyze how Qajar period Iranians encountered electricity technology in America and to make it clear that Iranians during the Qajar period entered America for the knowledge and electrical industry. What challenges did the country face? The results of the research show that the intellectuals reflected the progress of the electricity industry in America in their writings within the framework of critical discourse. They realized that in order to compensate for Iran's backwardness in this field, electricity technology should be imported from America to the country. On the other hand, the tourists who had traveled to America, by observing the scientific and technical progress and understanding its fundamental effects on the transformation of this country, on the necessity of modernizing Iran with They emphasized the use of American science and technology, this goal was pursued more seriously by the political elites in order to directly and indirectly provide the way for the introduction of this technology that would lead to the progress of the Iranian society, but in this way there were obstacles that caused the electric technology and New principles did not enter Iran under the teachings of American experts and engineers, and their efforts were only limited to familiarizing Iranians with the importance of the electrical industry and its role in the evolution of America, which of course was considered a very important thing in those times.

The arrival of modernity and the new European culture in Iranian society had an impact on political, social and cultural structures and caused these structures to undergo certain changes. A large part of these changes affected the social and cultural sphere, especially the lifestyle and etiquette of Iranian society. One of the customs that went through change was the greeting, especially the tradition of shaking hands. This article aims to investigate the arrival, acceptance and significance of the new handshake as a sign of the modern and Western (so-called Farangi) style of greeting and human interaction using the descriptive-analytical method. The results show that following cultural interactions with Europeans and the spread of Western culture and customs, the Western-style handshake became popular in Iran from the Naserid period onward and the nature of the manner of handshake and its conceptual and semantic implications changed significantly. In this new way, the handshake became a common practice and it transformed from an etiquette reserved for special occasions and individuals into a wide-ranging social practice.

With the confrontation of Qajar-era Iran with the West and awareness of their growth, the need to know the new civilization became apparent. Although Iranians were in direct contact with the West, many of these experiences were transmitted through intermediary routes, including the Ottoman Empire, and especially in the intellectual atmosphere of Istanbul. One of the ways to know the West is the influence of Akhtar and Soroush newspapers in Istanbul, before and after the constitutional revolution, by using translation. Therefore, the question arises, what effect did the translation of Istanbul's intellectual-political developments in these newspapers have on their critical discourse? This research tries to answer this question based on the descriptive-analytical method based on the collection of library information and access to the archives of these newspapers. The findings of the research show that Akhtar and Soroush newspapers were influenced by the Ottoman intellectual atmosphere and the translation of political news and articles in these newspapers had a profound effect on their critical discourse. In addition, it was found that the translators and writers of these newspapers helped to transfer modernity and critical thinking to Qajar period Iran. As a result, the critical discourse, passing through the Ottoman Empire and being influenced by it, found a special manifestation that was more compatible with the Eastern and Islamic-Iranian culture.

Changing and reforming the educational system was the central concern of a range of modern thinkers of the advanced Pahlavi era, which appeared as a modernist discourse in the cultural sphere of this time. The play was one means of expressing these concerns, which, as a new type of writing, could express new concepts in a conversational and story-like format. In the current research, while analyzing the content of constitutional plays and Pahlavi's advanced period, an attempt has been made to examine the mentality of some of the modernist elites in connection with education and its relationship with the country's cultural development. An analytical examination of the content of these plays shows a change in the education discourse, a development that can be interpreted as a modernism manifestation. Criticism of the traditional attitude and introduction of new themes, a new conceptualization of “homeland”, insisting on the necessity of education for all, including adults, and emphasizing physical education alongside education, is a reflection of this discourse evolution. Also, the change in the playwriting approach of the Pahlavi period, compared to the constitutional period, was a function of the political conditions of the time, which was consistent with the policies of the Pahlavi government in the modernization field. In addition, the particular focus on the concept of a better future for the “homeland” in these plays can be seen as a reflection of the nationalism discourse of the Pahlavi era, which focused on the importance of education as a corridor for the transition to a developed and advanced country in the view of the modernists of this era.

The Literary works of poetry and prose in the constitutional period were of a significant role in the ups and downs of the constitutional movement. These works both influenced and were affected by this movement. Literary works developed in Tabriz and in line with the actions of the Azerbaijan State Association and with the aim of strengthening the spirit of reformism, raised the issues led to the removal of old thoughts and the manifestation of new ones in the field of science and culture and provided the ground for acceptance of intellectualism and wakefulness. This article, relying on the descriptive-analytical method of research and the complete collection of issues of " Newspaper of Tabriz Association" as well as the collection of " Amir Hossein Nikpour’s Personal Documents " has tried to investigate the role of literary works related to the constitutional era in Tabriz and its position in the fateful confrontation of old and new thoughts that finally led to the continuation of pre constitutional traditions and the failure of innovations

In the last hundred years, there have been many discuss over determining the origin of Iran's contemporary history, and it has turned this issue into a controversial issue. As events such as the establishment of the Safavid government, wars between Iran and Russia, the kingdom of Naser al-Din Shah, the Russian Revolution, the coup d'état of 1921, etc., have been mentioned as the origins of Iran's contemporary history. Therefore, the main issue is that When does the contemporary history of Iran begin? Which historical event in Iran is so worthy and important that it can be considered as the origin of contemporary Iranian history? The author discusses the most important ideas about the origin of Iran's contemporary history with a descriptive-explanatory method and with a critical approach. The author considers modernity to be the main cause of the emergence of the new world and the basis of the formation of contemporary history, and she believes that modernity is the inevitable destiny of all the nations of the world In Iran, the confrontation with modernity started with the Iran-Russia wars. But the broadest level of modern changes and reforms in Iranian society was achieved only with the help of constitutionalism. The constitution was the only event that could transform all fields of political, social, intellectual, religious, and economic life in Iran and create a modern Iranian man and a new Iranian civilization. Therefore, constitutionalism is the origin of Iran's contemporary history.

During the Qajar era, an important factor for Iranian society's familiarity with Western modernity was the travel of Iranian thinkers and tourists to India. Among these thinkers, Abdul Latif Shoushtari was a prominent figure, whose role has been much studied yet. The present paper seeks to answer these question: how Western modernity in India was reflected in Abdul Latif Shoushtari's discourse and what effect it had on the Iranian evolution of political thought? This paper is using descriptive-analytical method and discourse analysis theory. The findings of this study show that, although Shoushtari included many components of Western modernity in his book, and as a pioneer in this field, played a constructive role in the initial introduction of modernity to Iranian society as well as later thinkers to this, however, his knowledge was mostly based on appearances and manifestations, without deep knowledge of the basics and foundations of modernity.

Khorshid Banoo is one of the most important progressive and modernist women of the 13th century AH / 19th century AD in Qarabagh region. His family situation caused his life to be tied to politics, willingly or unwillingly. Khorshid Banoo's childhood and adolescence coincided with the political and military turmoil and tensions in the region, especially in Karabakh, which led to her tendencies towards modernity and modernism. The pursuit and understanding of modernity in various social, cultural and literary aspects of Qarabagh by a woman and a prince is significant and important, which will be addressed in this study. In this research, we try to answer the questions of how modernity ideas were created in Khorshid Banoo and what role did Khorshid Banoo play in the social, cultural and literary modernity of Karabakh? Findings show that acquaintance with different personalities in the idea of ​​modernity through his numerous trips to various cities in the Caucasus, especially Tbilisi, as well as his family situation has had a major impact on the modernization of the Karabakh region. Despite many problems, Khorshid Banoo's activities in creating civic institutions, civilizations and the flourishing of literature have had a major impact on increasing the cultural and social level of the Karabakh community.

After the weakness of Islamic civilization and in contrast to the beginning of the process of growth and development in Western countries, Islamic thinkers have paid more attention to the subject of civilization, what and its influential factors than ever before and compared to Western civilization new approaches to the evolution of Islamic societies and indicators of civilization. The instrument has been proposed. Mohammad Abed Jaberi is one of the contemporary thinkers and thinkers who has analyzed and studied the political and social developments in the history of Islam under the influence of the developments in Western societies. Using a descriptive-analytical method based on library studies, the present article addresses the main question: what are the components of civilization from Jabri's point of view? Findings show that Jaberi considers the key role of the three elements of belief, booty, and tribe in the study of the history of Islamic culture and civilization and tries to analyze the contemporary political developments in the Islamic world with a critical approach. From Jabri's point of view, the solution for the development of Islamic societies depends on understanding the requirements of the time, adapting to the concepts of the modern world such as democracy, modernity, and political reason.

The modernists and enlighteners of the Bukhara Emirate, in response to the political, social, economic and cultural backwardness of the Emirate and the subsequent domination of Tsarist Russia over the Central Asian region, which led to familiarity with Russian and European modernity and culture, called for reforms in various fields. Including literature and the education system. This thinking led to the formation of a movement called the "Maarifparvari Movement" led by Ahmad Makhdoom Danesh (1243-1314 AH / 1828-1897 AD). Ahmad Danesh attributes the backwardness of his society to the two ruling forces in Bukhara; The masters considered politics and religion and called for political, educational, literary and cultural reforms in the traditional Bukhara society. In this study, the author intends to answer the question by looking at the activities of Ahmad Danesh, what actions did Danesh take with the aim of reforming Bukhara, and what achievements and reactions did these actions lead to? The results of the research indicate that he criticized the tyranny of the rulers and the ignorance and backwardness of the conservative clerics and tried to understand and popularize literary and written works and return to the original national and historical traditions in cultural affairs. He sought to reform society and called for a change in the view of the role of government, people and religion in Bukhara society; In response to Ahmad Danesh's activities, Bukhara's conservative scholars accused him of blasphemy and heresy.

The study of the contemporary history of Iran Indicates the influence of the role-playing of social forces such as intellectuals, in formation of foundations and substructures of political-social evolutions in Iranian society. One of the fundamental evolution at this point is the emergence of intellectual current, called «Religious Modernity». But the present study, considering the importance of the emergence of religious modernism and it's role in the evolution of Iranian history, has investigated the political-social ideas of intellectuals and the discourse of Islam, in interaction with western modernity in attitude of religious modernist in a descriptive-analytical method using library resources, therefore the purpose of the present study is to answer this question, what are the characteristics of the interaction between religion and the modernity in the political and social attitude of intellectuals of this period? The results of present study in research of the political-religious discourse of intellectuals such as Sharia'ti and Bazargan, indicates a close interaction between religion and science in the religious intellectuals idea, thus Islam in relation to Modernity and new scientific concepts in intellectuals aspect, defined as an ideology, with broad social functions as well as an inseparable element.

From the first decades of the twentieth century, with the advent of French colonization (1881-1956), women and their rights came into focus. During this period, following the influence and growth of the religious reform movement in the region, the dominant discourse in Tunisia was the discourse of Islamic modernity. Proponents of women's rights also took an Islamic approach to defending feminism, using religious interpretations to put religious concepts at the service of the feminist movement. Issues such as hijab, women's education and employment, polygamy and the right to divorce were challenged, but were met with a backlash from the public and some traditionalist scholars. The main issue of the present study is, firstly, what factors led to the evolution of the status of women and the formation of women's advocacy movements during the colonial period, and secondly, what were the consequences of these developments? Findings show that factors such as the arrival of modernity in Tunisia, the role of colonialism, the support of Islamic modernists for women's rights and the formation of unions had an effective role in improving the social status of women and issues such as girls' schools In social and political activities, it was one of the important consequences of the reforms. These reforms paved the way for further wider developments, namely government support for feminism and the emergence of a secular women's movement during Tunisia's independence.