جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « muhammad ali pasha » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Over the past two centuries, the history of the Islamic world has narrated the conflict between the native Muslim traditions and the native Western culture. Egyptians, due to the three-year presence of the French government, were among the pioneers in confronting Western culture. Although the activities of the French in Egypt was not as unpleasant as the experiences of other colonialists in the Middle East, anti-Westerners and opponents of the manifestation of the modernization of Muhammad Ali Pasha, who came immediately after the departure of the French from Egypt, known him as a Westernized and dependent element. The aim of this paper which is based on descriptive-analytical method using library sources is to review and study the introverted or Westernized identity of Muhammad Ali Pasha and his successors, as a case study through the process of change and transformation of the “Office of Endowment" as one of the most experienced religio-economic institutions of Muslin community in confronting Egyptian community with modernity. In this regard, this article will compare two important laws which had been approved by Muhammad Ali Pasha and his successors about the “Office of Endowments” and compare its effects with similar laws in the period of Mamluks or Ottoman Sultans. On the other hand, the establishment of the institution and organizations for administration of the “Office of Endowment” during Khadivate until the domination of Britain over the Egypt will be noticed and a report on the evolution of this important governmental institution during the evolution of Egypt’s history in nineteenth century will be presented.

The presence of classic colonialism in Muslim countries bought a common feeling of helplessness and serious backwardness in Muslim communities. It caused a continuous intellectual challenges in different fields between intellectual and political elites of the Islamic societies, to find a solution and remedy for that. In Egypt, for the first time this mental controversy due to comparison between Egypt’s inferiority and West’s superiority came in light and was expressed by Muhammad Ali Pasha. By reviewing his reformative measures it can be understood that according to his view point, the origins of European power were rooted in their success and hold on modern science and technology. Therefore, the formation of reformative policies of Muhammad Ali Pasha was based on western model and pursuing their policies. His stance towards modernity and western progression was lacking integration and had a contradictory nature. He has praised from one hand the new sciences and technology of the West and on the other, has not accepted all the necessities and requirements of modernity and sometimes his policies were in contradiction with the nature and spirit of modernity. In this article, we will analyze the reformative policies and measures of Muhammad Ali Pasha and the stances of the pros and cons of his policies and its consequence of reform carried on Egyptian society, it will attempt to elucidate the role of Mohammad Ali Pasha in order to advance the process of renovation and modernization in Egypt, and seen a picture of his understanding of modernity is also provided.