جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « nader shah » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Providing security for governments is essential and without it any activity is impossible. This matter has gone through different stages throughout history according to the conditions and requirements. In the last five centuries, with the beginning of the new era, maritime security and its presence have played a prominent role in regional and global equations. In the 18th century, after two centuries of efforts by the Europeans, the force and navy played the most important role in providing the security of governments at the international level, which coincided with the extinction of the Safavid government and the formation of the Nadir government. The Safavids did not pay much attention to the sea and the navy, but their successors, including Nader, showed special attention and interest in the establishment of a naval fleet, especially in the Persian Gulf, which was the location of European forces and ships, in spite of many problems and problems. This rare action was surprising considering the lack of any Iranian navy and its requirements in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Now the problem is why Nader showed so much interest and attention to the navy? Was he trying to establish maritime and coastal security or did he have higher goals, such as confronting the naval fleet of other countries, including European countries, at the regional or international level? Investigations indicate that all that rare effort was not only for providing coastal security or dealing with a few local rebellions, but was pursuing a broader perspective at the regional and international levels. It is clear that the research method will be based on descriptive data collection and analysis and criticism of those data with an analytical approach in order to explain the problem.

Astan Quds Razavi library has valuable books and exquisite collections of ancient Islamic manuscripts. Such original sources include the history and civilization of a nation. The scientific researches and reviews based on these sources show the very important position of these sources. Therefore, the identification, introduction and analysis of manuscripts open the way for the history and civilization of people with culture and thought in a certain territory. One of these collections is the books endowed by Nader Shah. In 1145 AH/1732 AD, after reorganizing Isfahan and returning the royal throne to Shah Tahmasp I, he ordered the copies of Isfahan's royal library, which had been raided by Afghans, to be transferred to Astan Razavi library. Transferring this collection to Mashhad not only helped to preserve these works, but by enriching the Astan Quds Razavi library, it became the largest collection of manuscripts in this library. The main goal of this research is to investigate the exquisite inscriptions features of this collection, because so far these features have either remained unknown or their value is not properly understood.

Research Method/ approach:

This research has investigated the exquisite manuscripts of this collection using a descriptive-analytical method, relying on original library sources.

From the 429 copies endowed by Nader Shah in the Astan Quds Razavi library treasure, 92 exquisite copies have been examined, identified and introduced. 34 books are known as exquisite because of their age, 21 because of the gilding, 10 because they were written in the author's era, eight because of the calligraphy and arrangement, and finally six because of the cover. Finally, the codicological introduction and description of these manuscripts is an important scientific contribution in recognizing valuable literary and historical treasures in the collection of library resources of the country.

Afsharid and Zand periods as short and transitional period (1135-1210 AH) was between the Safavid and Qajar periods. Although the interaction between religion and government was at the highest level in the last two periods, in Afsharid there was no interaction and in Zand period it was limited. After the fall of Safavid dynasty, Afsharid government did not support religious scholars officially, and the scholars were not active in politics domain. Migration to Atabat Aliat and India and secluding in cities and villages indicate their absence in political issues. Historical studies show that due to Nader Shah’s approach to religious issues and breaking away from the religious activities of Safavids, religious scholars could continue their education and propagation activities. A good instance is the scholars who stayed in the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza and engaged safely in their educational activities. Other examples are the religious activities of such outstanding scholars as Khatounabadi, Khansari, Majlesi, and Tabatabai. Such examples show that though Afsharids did not politically support Safavid Shi’ism and pertaining religious activities of society due to external reasons and internal legitimacy, religious scholars and those of responsible of religious affairs performed their social activities in the society.

During the reign of Nader Shah Afshar, one of the most notable events was the Mughan Council, which is believed to have altered the monarchy. Nader Shah, however, had many objectives, including securing the monarchy for his lineage, distancing himself from the nobles and clan leaders who supported the Safavid dynasty, modernizing internal affairs and taking a particular political and religious stance toward it, forging new alliances, and settling the long-standing dispute with the Ottoman empire. The participation of some of the people in the Mughan Council who were invited for consultation was another crucial factor. The Mughan Council has so many complex issues that its sheer volume obscures its main problem. Why did Nader Shah form the Mughan Council, and what was its primary purpose? What was the need to establish it? Conducting it first was to transfer Safavid's sovereignty to Nader. The historical facts, the process of acquiring power, the unusual circumstance, and the matters brought up before the Mughan Council are irreconcilable with this notion. This process has involved a more significant issue. Nader Shah aimed to expand his territory beyond the Safavid domain, which had a predominantly Sunni population. He also redefined the regulation of internal and external power relations, leading to establishment of the Mughan Council through a complex set of interrelated issues.

Kermanshahan province was one of the most important political and military bases of Shah Afshar to attack the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Nader Shah.Nader Shah strengthened this base even more by building a strong fortress in Kermanshah. Also, the geographical location of this state, which was located on the highway connecting Khorasan to Baghdad and Khuzestan to Azerbaijan, provided excellent conditions for it.With Nader's death and the beginning of chaos and unrest in Iran, Kermanshahan became the focus of those claiming to rule Iran; The claimants of the monarchy over Iran considered the achievement of Kermanshahan necessary to advance their political-military goals, and during their numerous skirmishes, they always fought to seize it.The main question of the present study is that what was the importance of the geostrategic location of Kermanshah for the claimants of the monarchy in Iran? It seems that the province of Kermanshah, due to its strong and well-equipped military fort, border with the Ottoman lands, being in important communication routes and having the militias of the tribes and nomads, is of great importance for the claimants to the monarchy Iran had. This research has been compiled with a descriptive-analytical approach and with the aim of investigating the causes of various conflicts between the claimants of the monarchy over Iran over the occupation of Kermanshah. Findings indicate that Karim Khan Zand, due to ethnic and tribal solidarity with the people of Kermanshah, familiarity with the geography of the region and intelligent measures in using the geostrategic location of Kermanshah, benefited the most from the natural and human resources of this province. He was able to defeat the other claimants to the monarchy.

After the Moghan Council, the concerned eyes of the society were looking forward to the next action, which perhaps after all these tensions and battles, now relying on the monarchy to strengthen internal sovereignty and create political, and economic security and give itself and society a chance to find themselves.  Nader also faced dozens of difficult internal and regional problems that he had to deal with, but he unbelievably prepared a difficult trip to India, which, given the structure of the young Afshari government, made the military campaign against India seem simple and esoteric. He found it risky and challenging, and seriously damaged the foundations of his rule. The main issue of the present study is to examine the role, impact and consequences of Nader's invasion of India during his rule. It also investigates how and why that attack affected many aspects of his rule and affected its decline and dissolution. Why Nader's invasion of India hastened the collapse of his rule? This study uses library resources and implements a descriptive and and explanatory approach. The results reveals that Nader's invasion of India had far-reaching consequences for him, and that his demise and fall had a profound effect on his relations with his family, commanders, troops, and peasant.

With the fall of Isfahan and Ottoman invasion of Iran, Maku region, the centrality of Maku Castle, became one of the first areas to be occupied by the Turks due to its location on the Ottoman-Iranian border. With Nader's rise to power and his attacks on the Ottoman occupiers in Iran, Maku region, like the rest of the south of the Aras River, was captured by him in 1143 AH. The question addressed in this study was, “What was the situation of Maku region in the Ottoman-Iranian conflicts during this period?” The present research attempted to investigate the situation of Maku region in the shadow of the Ottoman-Iranian conflicts (from the fall of Isfahan to Nader Shah’s death) through an analytical approach. The findings showed that the Ottoman-Iranian wars significantly influenced on maku's developments. The location of Maku region at the forefront of the Ottoman invasion of Iran caused a severe decline in its population during the Ottoman rule, while its economic situation got weakened. Maku region was in a weak position between the two powers during the wars due to its geographical location and proximity to the rare Ottoman-Iranian conflicts. Nader Shah consolidated his position at this border point by handing over control of the region to Bayat Tribe, which remained under Iranian rule despite brief interruptions.

With the rise of the Safavid government, Maku Castle, as one of the communication routes between Persian and Eastern Anatolia, became particularly significant to the Safavids, thus being captured by Ismail I of Persia. With the beginning of the Ottoman-Iranian wars in northwestern Iran, Maku region became the center of Maku Castle in the middle these battles. Its sovereignty was exchanged between the two sides. With the fall of Isfahan (1135 AH), the Ottoman invasions of Iran began. In the meantime, Maku Castle was one of the first areas to be captured and the long-standing Ottoman-Iranian conflicts over it were renewed. With Nader's rise to power and his conquest of Azerbaijan in 1143 AH, Maku Castle, like the rest of the region to the south of the Aras River, was conquered by the Iranians. He re-appointed Bayat Tribe, which ruled Maku Castle from the time of Shah Abbas I of Persia until the fall of Isfahan, to the Maku dynasty.The Ottoman-Persian wars significantly influenced on the developments in Maku region during this period. Due to its location at the crossroads of the Ottoman-Iranian border, Maku region was vulnerable to Ottoman attacks. After its initial occupation by Nader, due to Nader's constant conflicts with the Ottomans in northwestern Iran, the sovereignty of this region was changed between the two sides. Maku region was severely damaged due to its situation at the forefront of the Ottoman-Iranian conflict and in the Ottoman Empire's military campaigns. Consequently, at the presence of Ottoman-affiliated tribes, its population was significantly reduced. 

The present investigation aimed to study and analyze the developments in Maku region in the shadow of the Ottoman-Iranian conflicts, from the fall of Isfahan to Nader Shah’s death. This article sought to answer the question of how the Ottoman-Iranian conflicts in northwestern Iran affected the situation in Maku region.

Due to its location at the Iranian-Anatolian border crossing, Maku region was one of the first Iranian territories to be captured by pro-Ottoman tribal forces in 1135 AH. The Ottoman domination of Maku region lasted until 1143 AH when Nader Shah occupied it, as well as other Iranian areas south of the Aras River. During this period, with the policy of Ottoman militarism in the northwestern regions of Iran and the dominance of tribal thought supported by the Ottoman-affiliated Mahmudi Khans competing for control of Maku region, its political, economic, and social conditions declined.Nader took control of Maku region in 1143 AH and commissioned Bayat Tribe to protect it. With this action, he continued the Safavid tradition and strengthened his position in the corner of the northwestern territory of Iran near the Ottoman border. After these events, Nader shah waged several wars with the Ottomans in northwest Iran. These battles affected developments in Maku region. Its dominance was handed over between the parties in conflict. Eventually, however, the fort was established as one of the Iranian frontiers as in the Safavid period, while Nader could not gain the lands beyond it. The presence of Nader and the Ottomans in northwestern Iran and the expansionist efforts of the two sides to dominate the region caused Bayat Tribe, the ruler of Maku region, to remain loyal to Nader even though for a short period of time so as to maintain its hereditary rule in Maku region. Nonetheless, Ahmad Sultan as the minor assured allegiance of Bayat Tribe, which had a sensitive position near the Ottoman borders, incorporated them into its military structure.

The use of different methods of battle has always been one of the ways to win over rivals, and the establishment of different dynasties throughout history has depended on military power and the use of various military tactics. Nader Shah was one of the unique personalities in the history of the war in Iran who was able to win various domestic and foreign battles by using various methods of war and cut off the hands of foreigners from the territory of Iran. The present study seeks to use the descriptive-analytical method and using first-hand sources and new research to answer the question that Nader has from the time of his emergence to the end of his reign to conquer different regions and overcome domestic opponents and foreign enemies what battle methods have used to win battles? The research results show that Nader used methods such as sending Ilychi to intimidate and surrender to the enemy, using a spy system, surprising the enemy, capturing the castle in various ways, including smashing, to suppress and defeat domestic rivals and foreign enemies, dropping divisions between enemy forces, spreading rumors about the killing of the commanders, inciting the his forces before the attack and during the war, paying attention to the forces's pension and using the spoils properly and attracting the attention of the commanders and elders.

The Safavid kings migrated Kurdish tribes from the west and northwest to Khorasan for a variety of purposes, including countering Uzbek attacks and internal insurgency and protecting Khorasan’s trade routes. With the fall of Safavid rule and the emergence of the Afsharid rule, the Kurdish leaders and elites of Khorasan became more and more active in the political and military equations of this period. Due to their large population, experience and military and war capabilities, they received rare attention and thus became a reliable weight in determining the equations of this period and maintained this importance and ability until the end of the Afsharid rule. The purpose of this article is to explore the role of the Kurdish elites and tribes of Khorasan in the events of the Afsharid period. Relying on reliable sources and researches, it is certain that the Kurds of Khorasan, after several centuries of military and political experiences in the field of internal and external developments, have shown a remarkable performance in the ups and downs of the political and military arena of this period.

One of the most important areas which the governments of the Safavid and Nader Shah disputed with the Ottomans was the city of Kars. In the foreign policy of regionally-rival governments like Iran, the Ottomans and Russia, Kars held an important position because this city was the crossroads of the Caucasus and Asia Minor, and the domination of any government over it, strengthened the economic and military status in this complex geography. Given this fact, the questions the present analytical-comparative research, that emphasizes studying Turkish sources, tries to answer concern the political, military and economic goals the Safavids and Nader Shah pursued to capture Kars, and the reason for the importance of this city for the Ottomans. The findings indicate that politically, domination of Kars could change the balance of power in the western region of Iran and the Caucasus, and economically, the passing of the trade line between the Caucasus and the east of the Ottoman Empire and the Black Sea through Kars and hence controlling it could have a huge impact on the revenues of the Safavid, the Afsharid and Ottoman states. Therefore, the conflict with the Ottomans over Kars spread through the Safavid dynasty, and reached its peak in the era of Nader Shah.

Fars province has been one of the most important parts of Iran's land throughout history. In the Nader Shah’s period, this state was one of the most troublesome areas that occurred frequently in those insurrections. Several fields have caused them to emerge. The insurgency led to the occasional rushing of rare forces and, in some cases, changes in its political structure. Of these, three riots, Sheikh Ahmad Madani, Mohammad Khan Baluch and Mohammad Taqi Khan are of great importance. The main question is why the riots broke out? What causes them to occur? This article, by examining the existing documents and refreshing them again through descriptive analysis, seeks to take a fresh look at this issue. This study showed that, despite the apparent factors such as the injustice and aggressiveness of Nader Shah’s financial agents and the presence of non-native forces, the existence of powerful urban elements and rich landowners were the main causes of these three revolts.

During the Nader Shah Afshar’s reign, despite the all the military and political successes in the foreign arenas,  Iran was full of actions and reactions of different tribes and clans in the form of military conflicts and political challenges. One of the tribes that seems to have had a serious and effective presence in the conflicts and challenges of the Nader Shah era was Qarachurlu tribe. Investigating the role and position of this tribe in Iran’s military and political developments and the results of it is the main issue of this research. Despite the bold role of this tribe in the Nader’s era, no proper research has been done in this field so far. The present study attempts to analyze this role by using the descriptive-analytical method and by searching through historical texts and various documents. The results of various studies show that different clans of this tribe have been active especially in the fight against the Afghans and the Ottomans, and other foreign struggles, as the vanguards of the soldiers of Nader. Besides, Qarachurlu Kurds have always been in favor of Nader Shah in repressing internal insurgencies.

The formation of the Afsharid government, following the anarchy caused by the fall of the Safavid dynasty, is considered one of the most important developments in the history of Iran. As a result of Nader Shah Afshar’s rise to power, Iran regained its unity and was able to maintain its cohesion and integrity. Different tribes[1], especially the tribes living in Khorasan, were Nader Shah’s main partisans to achieving various internal and external successes.
One of these tribes which played a significant role in the political and military developments of the Nader’s era was Qarachurlu tribe and its various related clans[2]. This tribe was settled in the foothills of the Aladagh Mountains of Khorasan. Following the developments of the last years of the Safavid rule and in the early years of Nader’s movement, they first opposed him but due to the provisions that Nader had considered in dealing with the tribes and clans, they soon became one of his main allies. The main issue of this research was to analyze the role of this tribe and the efforts of its leaders in the developments of the Nader’s era.

There has been no independent and comprehensive research done on the role of Qarachurlu tribe in the developments of this period of Iran’s history. Sources of the Nader Shah’s era, including Aalam Araye Naderi written by Mohammad Kazem Marvi, Jahangushaye Nader by Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi, as well as new studies, including the first volume of the book Harekate Tarikhi Kurd Be Khorasan (the Historical Movements of Kurds to Khorasan) by Kalimollah Tavahodi, and Ilhaa Va Tayefehaye Ashayeri Khorasan (Khorasan nomadic tribes and clans) by Sayyid Ali Mirnia have generally considered the role of Kurds of Khorasan in the military-political developments of the Naderi’s era. However, no research has been done specifically on the political and military efforts of this tribe in the military and political conflicts of the period. The present study aimed to analyze this role by examining the main sources and new research, especially the use of various documents, including orders, deeds, and historical correspondence.

 An examination of the collection of sources, studies, and historical documents of the Afsharid era showed that numerous tribes and clans of Khorasan have played an essential role in the formation and then consolidation of the Afsharid government. Among these tribes and clans, Qarachurlu tribe, as one of the five Kurdish tribes of Khorasan, was one of the main allies of Nader Shah. They have always been in the vanguard of his wars and campaigns with the Ottomans, India, and the Caucasus. The Kurds of Qarachurlu have been active in defeating Malek Mahmood Sistani in Mashhad, Abdali Afghans in Herat, Nader’s quadruple battles with Ashraf Afghan, the triple wars with the Ottomans, as well as in Nader’s campaign to India and Dagestan with thousands of their troops. Additionally, Qarachurlu tribe played a key role in the suppression of Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi in Fars, the Lezgins in Dagestan, and Pir Mohammad Khan in Baluchistan. Najaf Sultan, Mohammad Khan, Mohammad Reza Khan, Aghasi Beyg, Shahbaz Beyg, Ahmad Khan, Salim Beyg, Pahlevan Beyg, Ali Reza Beyg, Ali-Qoli Beyg, and Imam-Qoli Beyg were among the most important Nader officials and allies of Qarachurlu tribe. Nader, in response to the cooperation of Qarachurlu tribe, gave the government of areas such as Darband in Caucasus to Najaf Sultan Qarachurlu, the authorization of Arabia to Mohammad Khan Qarachurlu, the solicitor of the tribe to Hassan Beyg Qarachurlu, Esik-aqasi of Divan to Ali Reza Beyg Sarvarlo,Beylerbey of Shirvan to Ali-Qoli Khan Sarvarloo, and the Fars rule to Ahmad Sultan Kargarlu, one of the elders of this tribe. Today, groups of Kurds from Qarachurlu tribe are present in areas such as Georgia and Azerbaijan that have been settled as a result of Nader’s policies.[1]. Tribe:The tribe in the Iranian nomadic society is a political union consisting of several Tireh-Ashayer (Several families with kinship affiliations) and nomadic clans that, based on kinship affiliations or at a specific time, they unite according to political and social interests, and necessities and form a tribe.The tribes usually had their own territory and tribal territory and were run under the leadership and personal management of either the Ilkhan or the Il-Bagi (Aashti, 1987, p. 14-13).[2]. Clan:  The clan in the Iranian nomadic community is a social-political unit consisting of several Tireh-Ashayer and in the hierarchy of tribal categories, it is the most important and distinct category. In the social hierarchy of Iranian nomads, most of the clans are located between the tribe and the Tireh-Ashayer, but there are also clans that are not affiliated with any tribe and are called independent clans. The clan is a social-political organization with a classification structure. They may be sedentary, complete nomadic, or semi-nomadic and a clan. It doesn't matter if the clan is nomadic or sedentary, it is still considered a clan. The clan is the smaller subset of a tribe, which is often closely related to each other and has a common ancestor for several generations (Takmil Homayoun & Bloukbashi, 2009, p. 15-8).

At the beginning of the Shi'bani era (1007-906 AD), Khorasan experienced a new era of tension and insecurity. The 100-year-old conflict between Iran and Turan was the same traditional expansionism in history that was aggravated by the provocations of the Ottomans and Ulema of Turkestan in the religious sensibilities of 10th century. This article, in pursuit of this conflict in the era of Astarkhanids (1007 – 1167A.D), raises this question that how was the political behavior of Uzbeks toward Khorasan borderlands and by what it has been influenced? by studying the political conditions of Iran and Transoxania and examining the hypothesis affecting the Shi'bani era, namely, expansionism and religious sensitivities, we have established our hypothesis in this way, "Despite the change in the political authority of the governments and religious prejudices, the persistence of border aggressions and the capture of the Shiites , which continued until the military reaction of Iran, Apart from the last two factors, were for new reasons: social tradition and economic interests

By studying the Nader shah life, we find that he was always in war or preparing a military unit to attack a point; Hence, it is very important to consider how Nader Shah battle movements, especially those related to the rare military and civilian support and procurement during their campaigns made, which are discussed in this paper as a general issue. One of the remarkable characteristics of the Nader Shah wars is the speed of action in moving and delivering a division of army from a point to a remote area in a short time; which requires adequate logistics and full support.
Nader Shah in various parts of Iran, including Bandar Abbas, Bushehr, Mazandaran and other places had workshops to build artillery, gunpowder and bullets and in most of its troops movements, they supplied the grain needed as well as feeding through the main pillar for their army, which were preparing and supporting by themselves. He also sought to restore Iran's authority in the Persian Gulf and protect the southern frontier by building a strong naval force.
In order to do this, firstly he ordered Latif Khan the Fars province ruler to purchase and purchase warships and artillery needs, on the other hand, set up a shipyard in Bandar Nadariyah -Booshehr-and provided and sent the wood for this workshop from Mazandaran and Also, artillery and casting workshop was launched to equip the ships with ballistic guns in Bandar Abbas.

Changes in the writing and content on Iranian coins were subject to changes with the collapse and establishment of governments. Rulers of this land provides a variety of reasons causing these changes were seen. This research attempts to explain the relationship between the contents of Afsariyah period coins, especially the era of Nadir Shah Afshar, as a periodic tense in terms of the crisis of legitimacy and religious thought. Detecting the position of coin as a reflection and transfer of these concepts and their evolution.
The issue of present research is the study of the evolution of the themes and rhymes of silver on the coins of the Afshari era.The results of the research indicate that the religious insight and attitude of the rulers of this period, The content of common coins have been affected. The first coins were minted Nader with Shiite rituals, But immediately after the coronation abandoning the Shi'a rites and expansion of the content viewer focuses his power and glory

The time of Nader Shah (1148-1160 H) is considered as the period of rebellions and continuous civil and foreign wars in the history of Persia, which followed the fall of the Safavid dynasty. This influenced the social and economic sectors in Iran. This study is supposed to indicate the effects of Nader Shah’s militarism policies on Iran foreign trade. It uses descriptive and explanatory methods to interpret the problem. One of the important discussions in Iran economy at the time of Nader Shah is the downturn of the Iran foreign trade, which was continued from the Safavid era. Due to Nader Shah’s militarism policies, the situations became worse and the high costs of his social-economic policies were obstacles to the economic growth. Nader’s militarism policies which led to getting high tax, demolishing the agricultural and economic foundations and internal insecurity, ended up with a decrease in the production of the principal export goods, i.e. silk and wool. Reduction of these commercial goods increased their prices, which in turn impacted the foreign trade of Iran. Overseas companies faced reduction in gaining benefit because of the internal situation of Iran. Therefore, their activities and communications with Iran decreased excessively.

Even though seizing power in Iran’s history was mainly through force and conquest and dynasties had authoritarian nature, they had to obtain political legitimacy to continue their ruling. Nader՚s low level originality and his attempts to make blood connections with royal families was in contrast with Divine Glory ideas that was widespread among people. To obtain religious legitimacy, he adopted religious tolerance and suggested the theory of five groups of Islam in order to obtain the support of followers and Sunni and Shiite and solve discord with neighbor countries. But the riots of supporters of Safavid dynasty and attacks and hostility of Ottoman Empire led to failure of his attempts and increase of non-Shiite soldiers in his army.At first, the arrogant ministers, governors and commanders of army didn’t tolerate the power of a low level person like Nader. But his emergence and seizure of power made public proud. But because Safavid dynasty and Shiite were interwoven in minds of people, they rejected competent Nader as a king. This rejection led to decline of Nader’s humanitarian spirit.

Extensive researches have been conducted so far on the origin, rise and decline of religious affairs in the time of Nader Shah; however there are many undiscovered aspects to historians and Islamic researchers. The raised question which will be analyzed in the present paper is: What were the religious relations between Iran and Ottomans in the time of Nader Shah?
The first hypothesis which comes to one’s mind is that Nader Shah tried to promote Ja’fari school of thought in order to expand the territory of Persia to its limits in Safavid time. Also he aspired to become the most powerful ruler in the world. A general description of the intellectual and political relations between Iran and Ottomans from the time of the grand meeting of Moghan and also religious association of Najaf will be presented and finally the peace between Nader and Ottomans will be analyzed in the present paper. It is proved that the purpose of Nader Shah in pursuing these relations was to expand Iran's territory in order to become the most powerful ruler in Islamic world. Although he did not reach all his goals, he managed to bring peace with Ottomans. The present paper has applied a descriptive – analytical approach which is a common methodology in historical studies.

Nader Shah who is known for his expeditions and military campaigns renewed Iran’s power and prosperity following a decade of disorder after the Safavids’ fall. Using his own competencies and his efficient army, he reestablished order and security in the country even though he showed indulgence. His long and frequent military expeditions in western and southern Asia, Caucasus and Transoxiana put people in hardship and created serious political and economic difficulties for his rule and led to some revolts and disorder throughout Iran. This paper investigates the causes and backgrounds if these upheavals including taxation system, long repeatedly conquests, Iran’s economic problems and his religious policy through a descriptive-analytical Method.

Ahmad Shah Durrani (1134-1186 AH/1722-1772 CE) was the founder of Durrani dynasty. He took advantage of power lacuna after Nader Shah's death and attempted to stabilize the newly-established government of Durrani via the support of Pashtun tribes, establishment of Loya jirga, taking control of Nader Shah's public treasury, and taking advantage of the conflicts in the Indian Gurkanid government. Moreover, through political unity, he laid the foundations of an independent Afghanistan and minted coins in his name. Like Gurkanid rulers, he was keen on literature and poetry. The findings of the study reveal that Ahmad Shah initially did not entertain the idea of separating Afghanistan from Iran, and desired to rule over the entire territory or parts of the historical land of Iran; like rulers of other dynasties. Nonetheless, the existing socio-political conditions actually forced him to separate Afghanistan from Iran. Moreover, his political and military actions and his death paved the way for the Englishmen to increase their growing influence in India. The present study attempts to briefly introduce Abdalis, and clarifies the process through which Ahmad Khan Durrani ascended the throne, and his emulation of Nader Shah in legitimizing his government. His attempts for ruling over Iran and India and the implications of his frequent attacks to Afghanistan will also be elaborated in this paper. The present study follows a descriptive-analytic method and is based on library resources.