جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « susiana » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The settlement evolution of the Early Neolithic period is considered a milestone in the human cultural history.While the archaeological implications of this period are discussed extensively, the landscape of Early Neolithic Iran has remained underrepresented, mostly due to lack of geoarchaeological investigations. The early periods Formative and Archaic Susiana, attested in several sites in the Susiana plain in southwestern Iran, are of utmostimportance as they bear witness to the first implications of standardization of material culture and intra-regional organization. This paper summarizes our current understanding of these periods as well as their landscape in the seventh and sixth millennia BCE. Then, it proposes a preliminary reconstruction of the landscape in this period based on recent geoarchaeological investigations by the author, applying a combination of different methods such as remote sensing, GIS analysis, and original geoarchaeological data including sediment cores, soil profiles, as well as laboratory analyses including sedimentological and chemical analyses (and lithological description in the field) and OSL dating. The results widen our perspective regarding the region’s hydrology. The Early Neolithic landscape of Susiana seems to have been different from the current one, primarily due to the tangible changes in watercourses and the noticeable differences in the surface soil and vegetation. The results further confirm thatheavy sedimentation of later periods covers most of the surface of this buried landscape including now buried watercourses and small wetlands.

The research argues that a plethora of economic, social, and technological alterations during the Uruk period were perceived by the archeologists to coincide with Susa II. One of the most significant advances of this era is producing a distinct type of pottery called the Beveled Rim Bowl (BRB). It is of paramount importance to the archeology of Southwest Asia owing to the wide range of distribution, abundance, and variety in shape and size. During this period, this type of pottery was discovered in the most important areas of southwestern Iran and the plains of Susiana, Deh Luran, and Ramhormoz from the beginning of the fourth millennium to the beginning of the third millennium BC. Cylindrical seals, clay tablets, counting systems, Banesh trays, tubular and nose handle jars, multicolored pottery, and BRB appeared first in the Southwest and then in other parts of the Iranian plateau. This evidence is among the important features of the analysis of trans-regional relations between Iran and Mesopotamia in the fourth and third millennia BC. The authors of the current research have sought to examine the general distribution of BRB on the eastern half of the Iranian plateau, the purpose of which would be to provide the answer to one fundamental research question, that is, the manner of and the reason for the current distribution of BRB in Tepe Yahya, Tal-i-Iblis, Shahr-i Sokhta, Tappeh Langar, Konar Sandal, and Kalleh Kub Sarayan regions, and the relationship between their production and distribution in this region, and their original production in southern Mesopotamia and south-western Iran. Although a vast range of scholars has employed a superficial approach to declare the cultural, economic, and commercial interactions between these areas and other parts of Iran, including the eastern and south-eastern regions, as the reason for the current distribution of this type of ceramic, specialized research on the temporal differences of the emergence of BRB in different parts of the Iranian plateau has remained elusive. It may be attributed to the fact that the cultural and social developments of Susa II, including the production of BRB in the eastern and south-eastern regions, have chronologically occurred later. This postponement may be explained by the decline in trade routes of the Central Plateau of Iran in the second half of the fourth millennium BC. From the end of the fourth millennium BC and especially from the beginning of the third millennium BC onward, the east, southeast, south, and southwest of Iran became the main corridor for the cultural and commercial interactions with Mesopotamia. Furthermore, the authors seek in this study to comparatively examine the BRB discovered from the areas of Susiana plains and the semi-eastern areas of the Iranian plateau and those of the original birthplace of Southern Mesopotamia in terms of shape, size, application, frequency, and chronology. The findings indicate that the bowls discovered in the mentioned areas have differences and similarities in shape, dimensions, volume, weight, frequency, and function.

Dez and Karun are two perennial rivers originating from the Zagros mountains in highland Iran, flowing into theriverine landscape of the Susiana Plains in southwestern Iran. They are crucial elements of the landscape and centralto the region’s archaeology, especially regarding agriculture and trade, at least since the late Neolithic. The oldestknown settlements of the Susiana date back to the seventh millennium BCE in the flood plains of these two rivers.This long and continuous interaction of rivers and human settlements is worth understanding. The current Dez-Karun-confluence is assumed to be very young, especially given the very straight channel of the joint rivers directlyafter their confluence – for about 20 kilometers (km) to the south – before it regains a meandering character.In this paper, I propose that their current confluence is recent and explore this proposition based on archaeologicalevidence, historical accounts, and newly generated geoarchaeological data, as well as OSL dating. Then, I discussthe implications of this environmental change, making a case for the hybrid nature of this change as an event withinthe framework of human-environment-interaction.