جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "uzbek" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

The Shia Safavid government was established in the 16th century AD (10th century AH) in the vicinity of the 200-year-old Ottoman government and the newly established Uzbek government, both of which were Sunni. The religious policy of Shah Ismail I (1501-1524 AD/907-930 AH) was based on the expansion of Shiism, which was in contrast with the religious policy of his neighbors, who were preachers and promoters of the Sunni religion. In addition to the fact that this issue caused religious disputes and repeated wars with the Safavids from both sides, it led to the convergence of the two Ottoman and Uzbek governments against the Safavids. The purpose of this research is to examine how Ottoman and Uzbek political relations were established and its consequences on the Safavids in the 16th century AD, with a descriptive-analytical method. The findings show that the formation and stabilization of Safavid rule, the development of its territory, and the Shiiteization of society, which was accompanied by the increase in the number of Shiites, caused concern to the Ottoman and Uzbek governments. Therefore, due to the common religion and the difference in religious policy with the Safavids, the two governments, with the aim of overthrowing and resorting to the issuance of Takfiri fatwas and the declaration of jihad, strengthened relations with each other against this government and established the idea of political and military unity by sending ambassadors, writing letters and sending military aid.

The Safavid era in the history of Iran, following the advent of Islam, holds a significant place in terms of politics and religion due to the establishment of political unity within Iran's borders and the embrace of the Shiite faith. This period was characterized by the Safavid rulers' confrontations with internal dissidents and diverse foreign adversaries. While historical sources from the Safavid era depict these confrontations and conflicts, they are not always faithful representations of reality. Instead, they often reflect the historians' interpretation of events, blending historical content with literary expression. The present study, conducted through a comprehensive review of relevant sources from the Safavid era, aims to explore the intertwined nature of history and poetry, and how these two elements have shaped historical narratives during this period. By delving into the use of poetry within historical texts, the research seeks to understand the role of poetic expression in conveying historical events and stories. The research findings reveal that the extensive incorporation of poetry in historical texts of the Safavid era can be attributed to several factors, including its heightened appeal and influence, the influence of the historiographical tradition from the Mongol era and earlier periods, and the educational backgrounds of the historians of this time, who were steeped in literary traditions before transitioning to historical authorship.

The Safavid regime formed under conditions when the Ottoman Empire in the west and Uzbek Khans in the east of Iran sought to enter into fight. Geographical differences and religious conflicts led to long-time warfare between the Safavid regime and these two regional powers. These conflicts affected a large part of Iran’s geographical regions، leading to economic and social damages for the residents. The main part in this article is to comprehend and reveal the level of damages caused to some economic substructures and urban and rural structures by the wars during the Safavid era in the eastern and western parts. Based on this، the main question in this research is: What are the effects of the enemy’s attacks and the defensive policies of the Safavid government on the economic and population models in Iran? The methodology of this research is based on description، analysis and deduction from historical data. The findings show that continuation of the wars and attacks by the enemies along with the defensive policies by the Safavid government had a major effect on the destruction of economic structures and reduction of the population in the region. As a result، the production process slowed down in Iran.