جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « امنیت » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Although the origin of most Iranian rulers and governments after Islam was tribes and nomads, after gaining power and focusing on it, they started to fight against any rebelliousness, arbitrariness and centrism of other tribes, even their own relatives. Historical evidences and data indicate that throughout the Qajar period, some of Iran's elites, by engaging in destructive actions, created grounds for deprivation of security in the cities and villages of the country and caused trouble for the central government. In this research, using historical data and a descriptive-analytical method, the most important examples and examples of the anti-security role of Iran's tribes and nomads in the Qajar period (1210-1344 A.H.), i.e. making trade and travel routes insecure, creating insecurity and... is placed Also, this article tries to answer the question, what were the practical mechanisms of the Qajar kings and government officials to deal with this important challenge? The results of the research show that hostage taking and military suppression, political alliances and marriages, the use of nomadic military forces and the construction of military fortifications could not completely end the anti-security role of nomads and this fundamental problem continued until the forced resettlement of nomads during the reign of Reza Shah. It has continued.

The role and position of the Kurdish Baban Emirate in Iran-Ottoman relations has been neglected. The main problem of the present research is to investigate the impact of the Ottoman central government's inability in the eastern provinces on the security of the western territory of Iran. Emirate of Baban and Pashalik of Baghdad were provinces far from the Ottoman center. The territories of both rulers were separated from the territory of Iran after the Zohab Treaty, but Iran's influence and role in Baban and Baghdad never disappeared. The inability and unwilling of the Ottoman central government - especially from the twelfth century to the middle of the thirteenth century - had led to a power vacuum in the eastern provinces. Such a situation was a serious threat to the western territory of Iran. As the subjects and borderlands of Iran were exposed many times to the raids of the Kurds and Arabs of the territory of Baban and Baghdad. In order to ensure the security of its territory, as well as maintaining and continuing its role and influence in the territory of Baban, Iran was inevitably involved in the conflicts between Baban and Baghdad. Some researchers have wrongly considered Iran's involvement in Baban and Baghdad issues as "interference". While Iran's involvement was as a legitimate right to Self-Defense. In the present research, the claim of Iran's "interference" has been rejected by a descriptive-analytical method and a critical approach, citing Iranian and Ottoman documents and sources. Because the involvement of Iran in the affairs of Baban and Baghdad was more than based on the will of the Iran, it was caused by the inability and unwillingness of the Ottoman government in the eastern provinces. Basically, the Ottoman government was considered among the unable or unwilling states from the point of view of international law. In order to ensure the security of its subjects and borderlands, Iran sometimes had to use force, except for political and diplomatic ways

Political and social factors of the Qajar period such as Security, some responsibilities that traditionally are on Rulers, Iran’s semi-colonial condition, and its historical context for transforming the historical traditions to Modernity have affected rural landscapes in different ways. Therefore, the main question of this research is how some factors such as security, ruler’s attempts about rural development, Iran’s situation in global markets, and some attempts for modernizing the agriculture affected on rural landscapes? So understanding the quality of the effect of these factors is the goal of this investigation. To achieve this goal, historical analysis is chosen as a methodology and this study is concentrated on the concept of the rural landscape. Results shows, the effects of the absence of the security were observable in destroyed and abandoned villages, the Architectural form of the villages and avoidance villagers from agriculture. Rulers had some activities in rural development that effected rural landscapes slightly.  Iran’s situation in the global market as a producer of Agricultural raw materials changed the nature of Iranian agriculture from subsistence to commercial and finally some attempt of Iranian for transformation of traditional interaction with environment failed.

Among Amir Kabir's modernization programs, military reform was prominent. These reforms, expressed in his experience of modern European armies, are among the most important reform concerns. So the main order of the present article is to say what was the question of Amir Kabir Nezami? And what effect has it had on the idea of ​​forming a modern national army in Iran? It seems that Amir Kabir's military discourse emerged in the realization of Iran's independence from foreigners and the maintenance of internal order and security. The findings of this study show that Amir Kabir considers the existence of a modern and strong army as the main context for the modernization and development of Iran. For this reason, efforts are being made with programs and wars, including the establishment of internal order and security, countering the influence of foreigners in the affairs of Iran, reforming the armed military structure, equipping the army with training, new facilities and weapons, establishing a navy, and so on. Kurds to form a powerful modern army for Iran. However, with the assassination of Amir, the continuation of these reforms by him failed. But his discourse was followed in the next period, such as the constitution and the first side, until the formation of a new army in Iran.

Contrary to the belief of some historical researchers, who believe that after Shah Abbas II and during the reign of Shah Suleiman Safavid, the Safavid dynasty was on the decline in every respect, especially in terms of military and policing. It seems that in the case of a more detailed study of the sources, a different result can be reached to some extent. During the period of Shah Suleiman, Iran witnessed significant changes in various fields such as economy, foreign policy, administrative system and military and law enforcement organization. Although this development was due to the merit and cooperation of Sheikh Ali Khan Zanganeh, the famous Safavid Grand Vizier, who was also considered a military commander; But undoubtedly, the merit and competence of Shah Suleiman should not be ignored. During the era of Shah Suleiman Safavid, did the continuation of the policy of Shah Abbas I in the field of creating a stable and conscripted army lead to the strengthening of Iran's military and policing, and did this process increase security on the borders and inside Iran? The findings of the research indicate that: the number of conscripted troops in the period of Shah Suleiman reached the maximum possible in the Safavid period. Artillery was revived and the production of all kinds of firearms grew significantly. The number of gunners and gunners increased and the continuous training of slaves for military affairs in the center continued with greater strength. This army, which was strengthened through training and equipping with firearms, not only prevented the Russians or the Ottomans from attacking Iran, but also repelled the rebellion of all tribes such as the Baluchs, Turkmens and Kurds in different parts of Iran.

Today, under the influence of many internal and external factors, the ethnic minority groups tend to adopt different behavioral patterns from the central ethnic group and even the peripheral majority group and show new spatial and political behaviors. This research aims to outline the spatial behavior of the Khalkhal Kurds towards the surrounding majority group. More specifically, the study seeks to investigate the most prominent role of the Kurds in the policing history of the Khalkhal region and tries to find out the variables likely to have had a role in this process. The study is descriptive-analytic in nature. The data have been gathered through library documents and reliable historical sources as well as interviews. The research population includes the Kurdish-speaking settlements in Khalkhal. The findings show that the most prominent spatial behavior of the Kurds can be attributed to the fact that they gained power during the Qajar period. It could also be ascribed to the interaction and confrontations with the central government and the twenty-year rule over the region. This issue has been exploited by foreign colonial powers, especially Tsarist Russia, to prevent the unity of the people in the region. The results show that if the demands of ethnic minorities are not met, Khalkhal Kurds, under likely influence of numerous internal and external factors, are prone to serious social, political and, consequently, security challenges for the region and even the country.

In the last and critical years of Qajar reign the lack of a powerful central government caused Reza Khan to reach positions such as “Head of the Cossack Division”, “Minister of War and the commander-in-Chief of the Army (=Sardar Sepah)”, “Prime Minister”, and then he took over the temporary government and overthrew the Qajar dynasty. During this period, Reza Khan issued many declarations that contained various contents about the military, social and political situation of the country. The study and analysis of these declarations makes it possible to understand the causes, factors and the process of his rise to power, the way of changing the monarchy, and the important governmental, military and political changes of Iran in the 20th century. An important part of these declarations is about the military structure of the country, the security situation and its organization, prioritizing the independence of the fatherland, patriotism, establishing order, safety and welfare of Iranians, and social and political priorities. The research question is about:” What points did Reza Khan’s declarations contain about the situation of Iran during the end of Qajar period, and which political and social components did he emphasize? The findings of this research show that the study of the history of Reza Khan’s period from the time he became the Head of the Cossack division to the position of king, in addition to revealing his thinking and activities, also shows the change in his intellectual and political approaches from a soldier to a military ruler.

Security as a concept that is linked with the cultural and value system of societies, in both negative and positive aspects, means the explanation of the relations between the society and the government in the light of order and stability and the creation of peace or lack of it. Political security in the light of the state-oriented perspective, which attributes the quality of security and the legitimacy of the government to the functioning and efficiency of the government; In Iranian political thought, it finds parallels with the concept of justice and sees the political system with the cosmic system and the connection between religion and government. Based on this, justice-oriented is a determining principle in the relationship between government and society. As far as it can be said, the security-oriented government system has been a successful model that Muslim intellectuals have used in criticizing the existing conditions and making political demands. Looking at the conditions governing Iran in the third century of Hijri, it seems that Dinori had the same thought model in mind when explaining the political security in the Sassanid period and while narrating the events of history, he criticized the injustice and inefficiency of the political security in his time. The work is closed. With this claim, the present article, with a descriptive-analytical approach, while reviewing the nature and concept of political security in the political thought of Iranians, examines the religious events surrounding the history of the Sassanid era, relying on security and confirming the good or bad behavior of the rulers of this era. The result of the research can confirm that Dinuri, by highlighting order and security or its lack in the Sasanian era, had a critique of the conditions of his time on his agenda.

How to implement and implement security in the form of an institution related to culture and economy depends on a complex network of individual, social and institutional relationships, in fact, security is a cultural, economic and... answer to the comprehensive needs of people and also Security is responsible for the protection of human beings, of which the government in the macro dimensions and the checkpoints in the smaller levels are its crystallization and embodiment, hence, understanding the concept of security in accordance with Malinowski's functionalism theory in response to the human need for security, is a problem This is research. In order to achieve this understanding of the technique of studying library resources, documents were observed and interviews were conducted. Theme analysis was used to analyze the findings in the form of functionalism theory. The themes extracted from this research in the form of "need", "institution", "mandate", "employees", "regulations" and "activity" have been the focus of the classification of the findings of the present research, the result of which is this security is a need. The answer to this need is possible only through culture, economy and related components.

The rise of the Buyid coincided with the weakness of the Abbasids and the insecurities that were the result of many factors. Throughout the Buyid period, except for the period of Azud al-Dawla rule, security was faced with various challenges. While understanding the issues of his time, Azud al-Dawla managed to create security to some extent with plans and measures. His actions were effective in creating the necessary background for the growth and prosperity of this period. The present study, with descriptive-analytical method, investigates the causes of insecurity in the Buyid period and the actions of Azud al-Dawla in order to establish security and answer the question of what are the factors of insecurity in different fields in this period and what strategies Azud al-Dawla used to improve security in his territory. It seems that a wide range of measures have been taken in the four social, cultural, economic and judicial dimensions; but this process relies on the ruler. Therefore, it has not been possible to continue in the next periods and it has not always been successful. The most important achievement of the current research, in addition to identifying cases and examples of insecurity and governance measures, is recognizing the importance of different aspects of security in the flourishing period of Islamic civilization.

By taking advantage of natural and strategic fields and with the help of political elites, the Samanid formed a coherent and powerful government in the Mesopotamia and Khorasan, which resulted in stability, maintaining security within the territory and establishing efficient relations with the neighbors. The result of this authority and security was the flourishing of economic and social life in the beyond. By using the power of elites, the Samanid amirs created a unique period in the history of the Islamic era of the region, in terms of paying attention to the traditions of Iranian statecraft. The security and law and order that arose in the light of political tolerance and cultural policy of the Samanid in the region, brought about the harmony of the peasants and local rulers with the Samanid court, and this was important in the prosperity of industry and trade. This research, with a descriptive-analytical approach and with the aim of investigating the effect of the political security of the Samanid era on the commercial prosperity of the Mesopotamia region, seeks to answer the question, what effect did the security and order governing the Mesopotamia region have on the economic prosperity of the region during the Samanid period? The findings of the research indicate that parallel to the authority of the Samanids and their ability to establish security and maintain order, an efficient bureaucracy, the use of the power of the elites, and the use of internal capabilities in political and commercial relations, social and economic life from prosperity were acceptable.

With the invasion of the allies, the Dashtestan, Tangestan and Dashti areas in Bushehr governorate of the seventh province (Persia) became the scene of the large presence of British and American occupying forces. The negative consequences of the occupation of foreign elements in all the years of the war and even after that affected these regions with their economic effects. The purpose of the research is to investigate the economic effects of World War II on Dashtestan, Tangestan and Dashti regions in the period of 1318-1324 and its consequences on these regions. The historical analytical research method is based on the study of the archive documents of the Organization of Records and the National Library, economic publications and various local and public newspapers of Iran in this period. The study of documents and publications shows that due to the political and military problems of the central government, the restrictive policies of the allies, the severe weakness of the economic infrastructure, the lack of proper communication lines and means of transportation, the lack of attention to local employment-generating industries, successive waves of famine and epidemic diseases and The inability of the government to deal with these disasters, hoarding and smuggling of public food, abandonment of construction projects and lack of security, these areas experienced an era of economic decline, widespread poverty and backwardness. Accordingly, the Second World War, in a chain and connected network of various factors and negative variables, severely weakened or even completely stopped the development process of these regions by intensifying the economic and social disorder.

Security has been regarded as the assurance of individuals and different social groups to preserve their existence and identity against normal and intentional changes. Order and security are of the most important and fundamental needs of any society to reproduce the conditions for the continuation of life of that society. One of the important dimensions of the security of any society is economic security, which is considered the basic foundation of societies to achieve development and social welfare. In the social history of Iran, a village is a settlement unit where a group of people are settled and are mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. The economy of Iranian society in the middle period, especially from the perspective of providing tax revenue, food production and providing raw materials needed by urban industries, was dependent on agricultural and rural productions. Despite the very important and decisive role of the rural community, from the point of view of the factors and fields affecting security, it was far more vulnerable than the urban and rural communities. This research aims to study and analyze the question of what were the factors influencing the economic security of rural communities by using the method of historical analysis and citing sources and evidence. The findings of the research show that the construction of the government and power, the expansion of the nomadic way of life and livelihood, the ruling legal and tax system, and the political-military developments were among the most important factors that made rural life increasingly insecure and reproduced the conditions for the continuation of this way of production and life with faced fundamental threats.

The Sanjabi tribe played an important role in important developments such as the events and currents before and after the Constitutional Revolution in the western region and the First World War during the years 1293 to 1345 AH. The invasion of western Iran by the Ottoman forces and the confrontation of the Russian and British forces with them in 1914/1332 AH, while violating Iran's neutrality, turned the western pages of Iran into an arena of struggle and rivalry between the three powers. Since then, the efforts of all three powers to bring the tribes and nomads of the region with them have brought the leaders of these tribes and nomads into the realm of politics. This article uses descriptive-analytical method and library and documentary tools to answer the question that what effect did the Sanjabi tribe have in creating security and defending the western borders of the country in the First World War? The results of the study show that the Sanjabi people, due to their fighting power in defense of national interests and Iranian prestige, resisted the aggression of the Russians and the British. became.

The Constitutional Revolution and the subsequent petty tyranny must be recognized with a historical background and global development. Yaperm was one of the military, security and revolutionary elites of the era of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran. After a minor dictatorship, he fought alongside other Mujahideen in the conquest of Tehran with the army of Mohammad Ali Shah, the tyrannical king of Qajar. After the defeat of Mohammad Ali Shah and the formation of a commission that was set up to oversee affairs and maintain order, he was appointed to head the police. During his presidency of the Order, Yapram Khan took significant corrective measures in the structure of the Order and subsequently established order and security in Iran. This article has used archival and library sources and based on the analysis of these data, has examined the actions of this constitutional Mujahideen in the structure of order and security of the country. According to the findings of this study, creating changes in the structure and organization of Nazmieh, ensuring public order and security, fighting against elements opposed to constitutionalism and supporters of Mohammad Ali Shah in defending the basic principles of constitutionalism and paying attention to the rule of law in the country were important actions of Pepram Khan. Yapram's actions have many pros and cons. Some condemned his actions in the Atabak Park incident, the dissolution of the parliament and the execution of Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri, the assassination and killing of Seyyed Abdullah Behbahani by the arbitrary Mujahideen and the escape of Haidar Khan Amavoglu, and some condemned these actions positively or in law enforcement. They have interpreted the protection of the constitutional revolution and the provision of security and the prevention of the collapse of the country.

The arrival of Seljuq Turks in Ghaznavids territory in the early fifth century AH led to significant changes in Iranian Plateau. Seljuq Turks entered Ghaznavids territory as nomads, while their entrance to the Ghaznavids territory the city Khorasan was a sedentary settlement full of towns and villages. Newcomers in Khorasan and the west were Muslims. Turkish tribes used to immigrate in a large scale as well. The sedentary people of these regions were facing new challenges while dealing with the lifestyle of Turkish tribes. The study at hand uses data and historical writings in order to analyze and investigate the food security before and after the arrival of Seljuq Turks in Iranian Plateau. The research findings show that Seljuq Turks and other tribes with their dangerous actions were a threat to the national and food security. Furthermore, people from different regions faced new problems following these threats. The following descriptive-analytical study investigates factors influencing the food security in Seljuq era. The study also investigates food security, food itself and different products of different regions.

After being ousted from SAVAK, Timur Bakhtiar opposed Mohammad Reza Shah and established a base in Iraq for armed struggle, trying to attract the people of western Iran to his organization. The purpose of this study is to explain the role of the people of Ilam as one of the first groups that fought in the armed struggle against the Pahlavi regime in the late 1940s. The main question of the present study is what were the security reasons and consequences of the tendency of some groups from Ilam to Timur Bakhtiar? The findings of the study, which was conducted by descriptive-analytical method and based on unpublished documents of SAVAK, indicate that increasing the awareness of the people of Ilam about the situation in the country through interaction with the cities of Najaf and Karbala and the oppression of SAVAK and Pahlavi regime security forces in Ilam had prepared the ground for confronting the regime. During Bakhtiar's revolt against the Shah, the people of Ilam, who were not able to organize and equip their own forces, tried to seize the opportunity and confront the Pahlavi regime; However, due to the fact that Bakhtiar's revolt was devoid of theoretical and religious foundations and other components of a political and social movement, after a few guerrilla actions and insecurity of borders, his organization was finally disbanded with his assassination in August 1349. But in terms of security, SAVAK created a violent atmosphere in the region, and many people in Ilam who joined it were arrested, imprisoned and some were executed.