جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « امیر » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The Manqatieyya dynasty reached power at Bukhara, supported by Nadir, the king of Afshar, after the Ishtarkhani rule. This dynasty consisted of the Mongolian descendents, retreating from the Europian Russia Territory (Zarrin Camp), and setting down farther in Northern zones and at Mesopotamia. They formed the chieftain (khan) settlement form and clan system. The dynasty commanders –in- chief were powerful during 167 years, that might be divided into two sections due to the Russian invasion and the occupation of the Triple- Chieftain manner: before arriving in Russia, and after the arrival of Russian Empire.Each commander –in- chief was in power, in average of about 20 years. Each of them used to rule over the territory under the despotic manner of the eastern dynasties. Their most important characteristic was their unawareness of the universal upheavals and transformations. The most important event of their commanders in Iran was concerned with their conflict with two khan settlements, i.e., with khivah and khooqand.

Claude Caen, the writer of this part of comprehensive "War" entry in the "Encyclopedia of Islam" - other parts of which are dedicated to war in Iran, Ottoman Empire, India, and Egypt in the Mamluk period and which are complemented with a large number of related articles such as jihad, army, fortification, war room, gunpowder etc. - deals with the technique and art of war in the period of the Islamic Caliphate (from the beginning to the end of 7th century A.H.). While briefly studying the influence of war-related literature in pre-Islamic civilizations such as Persia, Greece, and India and the transter of these civilization's experiences to the Muslim World; he also talks about various elements involved in a classic war including declaration of war, mobilization and equipment of troops, command and control, espionage and counter - espionage, maintenace of morale, fighting organization, armamentes, support and logistics, strategic issues, the stationing of forces and security and vigilance in the camp, offensive and defensive plans, counterattack, ambush, siege, tactical retreat, booty and its division among troops, conquest accounts and victory celebrations, prisoners of war, truce and conclusion of a peace accord, and finally guerrilla warfare.