جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « نظریه » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The analysis of the political events and currents of the last two centuries and a clear and documentary drawing of contemporary Iranian political and social history is a political necessity. Inevitably, the success of Iran's foreign policy is linked to the issue of oil, and this success is best achieved when the country's foreign policy has an international orientation. In foreign policy, decisions are not the product of the work process and the task of an institution but the product of the effect of the position of those who have used their job position and played a role. Personal, occupational, incentives and bureaucratic characteristics play a major role in the decision-making process, and the psychological environment is a rich source of decision-making. Ideology and beliefs are the historical mental legacy, individual personality, and mental readiness of psychological environment variables. In the last two hundred years, Iran-British foreign relations have had many ups and downs, and the analysis of the political-oil issues of the two countries in this period is an inseparable part of the political-social history of Iran. The research method is an analytical-analytical that combines library and document studies with analytical accuracy, and according to Graham Alison's Theory, it evaluates foreign policy and the behavior of governments in terms of the wise actor model. Therefore, the present study attempts to answer the question of what effect the personalization of the kings and rulers of the desired period from the D'Arcy Concession in 1901 to the Oil Concession in 1933 had on the foreign policy of Iran and England regarding oil.

Foreign relations, at all levels, whether formal, state or personal relations, require familiarity with foreign languages. With the increase in need for establishing foreign relations at all levels in the contemporary Iranian history, the issue of educating and learning foreign languages got new aspects. In the early 19th century, the Iranian defeats in two wars against Russia made them aware of their lag behind the new science and technology train, and the Iranians decided to learn the new sciences. And in this regard, familiarity with foreign languages was of paramount importance. Various factors led to the French language becoming the primary among the foreign languages in the 1st period of this movement (from the 19th centrury to the 2nd world war), and during the next period (until the end of the 2nd Pahlavi reign), English became the first foreign language. In this paper, this issue is probed first from the historical aspect, and the historical evidence and clues relating to the change and development  of foreign languages in Iran is looked into. Then, using the "Linguistic Imperialism" theory by Robert Phillipson, it is examined how this change, while being influenced by domestic conditions and policy making of the Iranian governments, has been influenced by a global trend and the English language emerging as an international language. In other words, Iranian situation has not been contrary to the international trend, and the emerging of the English language in Iran as the first foreign language, must be seen as influenced by the globalization policies.

The study of the relation between architecture and Islam, considering the nature of architecture, provides a basis for a proper understanding of Islamic architecture. This study presents an epistemological explanation of Islamic architecture by a phenomenological method. Research on Islamic architecture is essential due to its relation to various subjects, including achieving a contextual-local model to coordinate formal-spatial in the process of physical development and meet the requirements of users of architectural products. The present study, assuming architecture as a human structure and Islam as a sacred idea, shows that Islamic architecture forms the dialectic between the user's requirement and formal-spatial architecture.

Looking at the historical developments of Islam, we can distinguish three tendencies around thought and action. The tendency that prioritizes action, the tendency that prioritizes theory over action, and the third tendency believe in the interaction of theory and political action. Among these, Shiites belong to the third tendency. Throughout history, the Shiites have chosen various approaches, including taqiyyah, reform, and revolution, in interaction with the political environment. With the approach of the contemporary Shiite period, it has distanced itself from the approaches of Taqiyya and reform, and especially with the emergence of the Qajar and Pahlavi periods in the contemporary history of Iran, it approaches the revolutionary approach and the attempt to form an Islamic government. Here, the main question of the research is what effect the objective context and developments of the Qajar period had on the Shiite political thought in that period and how this thought influenced the political action of the Shiite scholars active in this era. The result of this article is that the objective context and developments of the Qajar government on the one hand lays the groundwork for constitutionalism and also on the other hand lays the groundwork for the Islamic Revolution.

The phenomenon that has created the greatest challenge in the Islamic world called ISIS, which is rare in its own way, claims to have a caliphate in the Islamic world. Some Arab countries, Turkey, the West and even Israel have played a key role in feeding this funky movement. The caliphate in the idea of ISIS is faced with the main question of how ISIS's ideas about the caliphate can be analyzed, while their attitudes are less similar to those of the Salafists. The hypothesis is that Sunni's views about the caliphate have severity and weakness and do not own a comprehensive plan regarding the caliphate legitimacy. For this reason, the Theory of Domination is considered as the basis for this thought so that a phenomenon such as ISIS appears as one of the latest versions of the new Salafists claiming the revival of the Islamic caliphate with different motives.

One of the main functions of science in its philosophical meaning is explanation. There are different opinions about common classifications in the field of extension and methods of science. Many sciences such as humanities, and history in particular, can not be a part of this fixed definition of experimental sciences, neither in research method nor in subject. But the differences in the research method and subject is not something to prevent history and other humanities to be considered as science. Humanities should ignore the exclusive and fixed definition, which is taken o consideration by experimental sciences, to get its high value and position. One of the methods which can be helpful in increasing the validity of humanities is using theoretical framework and then the explanation. In traditional historical researches, historical explanation has faced with some problems because of not observing the experimental framework and experimental principles. Some of the opposed and agreeable researchers respecting explanation in history, join together in the point where they refuse to accept theory- based histography. Apart from their opinions being right or wrong, this procedure practically means killing the history by hammering continuous and fatal strokes and pushing it out of the field of science. Findings of this research show that ignoring theory-based explanation is nothing but an illusion because any kind of sub – experimental histography is based on explanation. Meanwhile, theorists clearly accept the role of theory in explanation (theory – based histogrophy), but theory oppositions, secret- methodically and unaware talk about the role of theory in history explanation (secret- method histograhy). The result is being under an illusion of explanation without a theory and being engaged in a vicious circle of useless repetition

Applying theoretical framework to historical researches is among the methods offered in recent years as one of the ways for raising scientific level of historical studies. This is true while the various dimensions and aspects of this subject –basically among the principlesof research method in sociology – are obscure and unknown for many students in the field of history. Accordingly, the present paper is exploring the following aspects of the subject: the reason for historian's interest in sociological theories;the nature of theoretical framework;the benefits of applying the theoretical framework;the limitations and difficulties of a theoretical framework;how to gain access to a logical theoretical framework;naturalization of theoretical framework;principles and rules for naturalization of theoretical framework interms of an Islamic approach;the way of presenting the model for analyzing data based on theselected theoretical framework.