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Sahah ul-Ajam The first Azerbaijani Turkish dictionary in front of Persian and Pahlavi words"Sahah ul-ajam" is the first book of Azerbaijani Turkish dictionary. Just like "divan gügat türk" is the first dictionary of the Turkish world that brings together different dialects of the Turkish language. "Sahah ul-Ajam" is the first dictionary written in the literary language of Azerbaijani Turkish, which belongs to the western branch of Oghuz Turkish, and it is possible to say that this book is the first prose written in Turkish after Deda Gorgud. According to Professor Beydili, according to the characteristics of the book "Sahah ul-Ajam", this book can be compared with the similar book "Divan lugat Turk" and "Hilyet ul-Insan ve Helavet ul-Lisan" written by Ibn Muhanna. This work was written by Fakhreddin Hindushah Ibn Sanjar Nakhjavani, who was a scholar and statesman in Tabriz in the month of Zilhajja 677 AH (May 1, 1279).The Saha ul-Ajam book, in terms of its explanation of all Pahlavi, Persian and sometimes Arabic words in Turkish, proves that Azerbaijani Turkish, which was considered a common language at that time, is a very rich language in terms of vocabulary. This book includes more than 4,700 words that are also used in Turkish. . The Turkish words used were practically the most commonly used common words and sentences among the people and writers of that time.Unfortunately, at the time when the famous Iranian scholar Dehkhoda wrote his dictionary, Shuubism and Aryanism were so strongly propagated by the Pahlavis that the authors, either because of their adherence to that belief or because of the fear of the authorities, despite knowing this book, and in this book Because of the existence of Turkish dictionaries, they did not want to introduce it, and they avoided being injured as a source in their writings.However, this book was a pioneer in finding the roots of Turkish words, especially idiomatic words in Azerbaijan, and on the other hand, it was also the main source of Persian dictionary books written several centuries later.Fearing that they might have done a service to the Turkish language, they deprived the Persian language of one of its main sources, and this caused many words and their main meanings to be invisible. "Səhahül-əcəm" Azərbaycan türkcəsi lüğətinin ilk kitabıdır. Necə ki, "Divanü lüğət-it türk" türk dünyasının ilk sözlüyü olaraq türk dilinin müxtəlif dialektlərini bir araya gətirən ilk lüğətdir. "Səhahül-əcəm" də oğuz türkcəsinin qərb qoluna aid olan Azərbaycan türkcəsinin ədəbi dilində yazılmış ilk lüğət kitabıdır və bu kitabın Dədə Qorquddan sonra türk dilidə yazılan ilk nəsr yazısı olduğunu da söyləmək mümkündür. Professor Bəydilinin fikrincə, “Səhahül-əcəm” kitabı özəlliklərinə görə, əmələn ona oxşar "Divanü lüğət-it türk" və ibn Mühənnanın yazdığı "Hilyət ül-insan və həlavət ül-lisan" kitabıyla eynidir. Bu əsər hicri 677-ci il Zilhəccə ayında (1 may 1279-cu il) Təbriz`də ədib və dövlət xadimi olan Fəxrəddin Hinduşah İbn Səncər Nəxcəvani tərəfindən yazılmışdır. “Səhahül-əcəm” kitabı, onun bütün pəhləvi, fars və bəzən də ərəb sözlərini türk dilində izah etməsi baxımından o dövrdə ortaq dil sayılan Azərbaycan türkcəsinin lüğət tərkibi olaraq çox zəngin bir dil olduğunu təsdiq edir. Bu kitaba 4700-dən çox türk dilində işlənən söz daxildir. İstifadə olunan türkcə sözlər o dövrün adamları və yazıçıları arasında nəzəri olaraq ən çox işlənən yayğın söz və cümlələr idi. Sahahül-Ecem, Azerbaycan Türkçesinin söz varlığının ilk kitabıdır. Tıpkı Divanü lüğet-it türk`ün Türk dilinin farklı lehçelerini bir araya getiren Türk dünyasının ilk sözlüğü olması gibi. Sahahül-Ecem, aynı zamanda Oğuz Türkçesinin batı kolu olan Azerbaycan'da edebi ve ortak Türkçe dilinde yazılan ilk sözlüktür. Oğuz Türkçesinin batı kolu sayılan Azerbaycan Türkçesinin özellikleriyle hazırlanan Sahahül-Ecem'in Dede Korkut'tan sonra yazılan ilk Türkçe nesir olduğu söylenebilir. Profesör Begdali'ye göre Sahahül-Ecem kültürünün özelliklerine göre Mahmud Kaşgari'nin Divanü lüğet-it türk`ü ve İbn Mahanna'nın Haliya al-İnsan ve Halawat al-Lsan gibi benzer kültürlerle eşdeğer olduğu iddia edilebilir. Bu eser, Tebrizli yazar ve kamu görevlisi Fahraddin Hindushah İbn Sencer Nahcavani tarafından hicri Zilhicce 677 (1 Mayıs 1279) ayında yazılmıştır.. Sahahül-Ecem'in kültürü, Pehlevi, Farsça ve bazen de Arapça kelimelerin tamamını Türk dilinde açıklamış olması açısından, o dönemde yaygın olan Azerbaycan Türkçesinin çok zengin bir kültürünün oluşmasına neden olmuştur. Bu sözlük 4700'den fazla kelime içermektedir. Kullanılan Türkçe kelimeler, o dönemin insanları ve yazarları arasında neredeyse en yaygın ve yaygın olarak kullanılan kelime ve cümlelerdi..

One of the most up-to-date and complicated political and legal events in the western Persian Gulf region is the unresolved legal issues regarding the delimitation of maritime zones between Iran and Kuwait. As a semi-closed water area, the Persian Gulf has had a turbulent past in terms of legal regime. At present, some of the Persian Gulf countries have reached relatively specific agreements regarding the delimitation of maritime zones. However, the complex marathon of the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf in the area of the exclusive economic zone as well as the continental plateau of this sea has not been resolved until now. In this regard, if we have an overview of the positions of the Islamic Republic of Iran, we will see that Iran invokes the principle of equity to divide or delimit its maritime borders and is seeking to claim its lost rights. The main purpose of this research is to achieve an acceptable, equitable, and provable method for delimiting the boundaries of maritime zones between the countries of Iran and Kuwait based on obtaining equity results which are based on the recent procedures of the International Court of Justice and specific procedures of other countries and are in clear contrast with the traditional procedures of delimitation. The research method is analytical-descriptive based on collecting data in a library and using scientific research publications, databases, and computer networks

Although the first Pahlavi is known for trying to create a new army and national bureaucratic institutions, as historical evidence shows, the structure and protection-security programs of Reza Shah to deal with the intelligence activities of foreign countries and especially England and Russia have not had favorable results. Based on this, the main question of the present article concerns the failure of the first Pahlavi intelligence organization to deal with England and Russia. The results of this study show that while dominating communication infrastructures, extensive and organized use of obvious sources and finally human espionage have been considered as the general strategy of England, the use of diplomatic institutions and people was the main strategy of Russia. Additionally, this document-oriented research shows that the prevalence of customary-cultural compulsions of the Qajar period in the center of modern institutions, the priority of Reza Shah's interests over national goals, and the lack of nationwide rules and laws in new structures, had destroyed the possibility of properly dealing with the intelligence activities of foreign countries.

Ahmad Kasravi was one of the most challenging personalities in the contemporary history of Iran. Many of his actions were contrary to the customs of the society and his researches were deconstructive. Therefore, studying the psychology of his personality can explain his actions in different aspects. Therefore, this article studying his actions in the political, religious, social and historiographic fields in adulthood with emphasizing the recognition of the influence of Ahmed Kasravi's social and family conditions in his childhood. The present research has investigated Kasravi's life and thoughts with the historical method and based on Peyman and Parcham journals. Also has used Karen Horne's theories in the analysis of Kasravi's personality, according to his theories, the most important factors in personality development are family and social conditions during childhood. According to the current research, the excessive affection and attention of the family and seclusion from other children and the social and cultural conditions of the society caused the formation of a kind of Basic anxiety in Kasravi's personality, which had an effect on aggressiveness and isolation towards others and the formation of an ideal self-image idealized.

The uprising of Turkish Kurds against the government of this country in the first half of the 1920s turned into a dangerous crisis for the Turkish government, and the Turkish government made many efforts to completely suppress the rebels. Atatürk, who needed to calm down and eliminate any claimant in order to promote his Western ideas, started suppressing the Kurds with the idea of pan-Turkism and gained the support and cooperation of the Iranian government due to the neighborhood and the presence of the Kurds in Iran. The Kurdish rebellion threatened the security and territorial integrity of Iran due to its border with Turkey and affected the territorial disputes between Iran and Turkey. This study seeks to answer these questions using the descriptive-analytical method What were the causes of the Kurdish uprising in Turkey? What effect has the Kurdish rebellion of Turkey had on Tehran-Ankara relations? In examining the history of Iran-Turkey relations, it is found that these two countries, under the influence of the global reform process on the one hand, as well as the presence of two great powers, England and Russia, in the region, were experiencing similar domestic and foreign situations and were influenced by each other's situations in some cases. In particular, the impressionability of Iran from the process of transformations and reforms in Turkey, due to the influence of some Iranian officials during Pahlavi's period on this process, played a significant role in forming relations between Iran and Turkey.

Abdolhossein Teymourtash was one of the prominent statesmen of the first Pahlavi period who played an important role in the political, social and economic developments of that period. Have been studied by many researchers, his efforts in establishing the Pahlavi dynasty and his important role in creating new reforms in the government structure. In the research, there are different opinions about the performance and character of Teymourtash. The confusion in Teymourtash᾽s actions and the lack of a clear conceptual framework to analyze his personality were among the factors that have made it difficult to understand Teymourtash. The present article tries to explain Teymourtash᾽s personality type by choosing Enneagram personality typology, with considering all personality and historical issues and paying attention to the historical context. The current research method used the historical method in gathering information and in the development and analysis of the material, the authors tried to use the method of interdisciplinary studies and conduct research with a historical-psychological approach. According to the present research, the personality of Abdolhossein Teymourtash is formed in the form of the eighth type of the Enneagram and as a constructive and power-seeking leader, which some actions and based on the types of relaxation and tension and wings the eighth brigade can be explained conflicts in his actions.

The first Pahlavi took basic measures in the education and created coordinated education system. The goal of the education system was to create a national spirit, cultural unification, and to create a secular society. The government built many schools, developed textbooks for and created a system of free education and paid close attention to the activities of schools. American schools were operating in Tehran and other cities. Although their number was less, they were more popular. The efficient management of these schools and their superior quality made people like these schools. The government also accepted these schools.In this research, relying on library documents and sources with a descriptive analytical method, we examine the activities of American schools during the time of Reza Shah. The findings of the research indicate that at the beginning of the establishment of the Pahlavi, the government did not hinder the activities of these schools, and these schools tried to gain the satisfaction of the government, and in some cases, the government also honored their activities, but due to the political activities of foreign schools, especially American schools, the increase in the number of schools and the increase in the educational quality of Iranian schools, the autocracy of Reza Shah and his interest in cultural assimilation and the non-compliance of foreign schools with the regulations of the Iranian educational system, the government of their activities banned and despite the insistence of the Americans to continue their activities, these schools became the property of the Iran

In the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, the tribes and nomads of Iran, both rural and nomadic, in addition to livestock and brief agricultural affairs, many of them at that time when it was difficult to live, to other occupations such as looting and plundering caravans, They also paid for militarism, hunting, and so on. Hunting was one of the occupations that human beings have been doing on this planet since the beginning of their lives and it continued in the vast land of Iran from ancient times to the Pahlavi era because there were plenty of halal meat animals in Iran. Among the tribes and clans of the country who were particularly skilled in hunting and hunting to feed themselves and their families, we can mention people from the great Beiranvand tribe, many of whom live for their livelihood or for their stomachs and covenants. Their families were busy selling their prey or their skins to make a living in the era in question.

Soft war, which is based on intellectual and cultural approaches, attempts to dominate the target societies in this way. On the other hand, architecture is the context of culture and includes life, which can be known as one of the targets of cultural invasion; therefore, it plays a significant role in confronting the cultural war. How the culture war affects Iranian-Islamic architecture in the recent century is the main question of this article that has been attempted to answer this question by using analytical-explanatory, interpretative-historical and case study methods. According to the results of the research, the influences of the culture war in Iranian architecture have three periods: the Nasrid period, which is the beginning of the decline of Iranian-Islamic architecture, and physical changes, which have become the basis for changing the content. During the Pahlavi period, cultural invasions continuously targeted and transformed the content and body of Iranian architecture, and after the Islamic revolution, cultural invasions sought to change what society likes in order to achieve cultural hegemony by changing the architectural content.

With the aim of developing military education, the Nezām schools were established in the middle of the Qajar period and were developed more and more during the Pahlavi I period as Madares-e Nezām. These schools were established along with other military schools in line with the reforms of the statesmen for the structural-content evolution in military education and the formation of a modern army. This study, using the historical analysis method, was primarily aimed at illuminating the role Nezām schools played in the development and evolution of military education during the Qajar and Pahlavi I periods. The research concluded that the schools of the Qajar period were originally founded in competition with Dār ul-Funun school often to serve the political and personal goals of princes and military commanders. Therefore, although the Nezām schools failed to bring about a specific change in the military educational system of the Qajar period due to their limited number, lack of variety and structure of the educational package, they played a significant role in the process of military education and public educational modernization during the Pahlavi I period thanks to their coherent organization, acceptable educational quality and training of students and candidates for military purposes.

One of the main teachings of Sufism is disregard for the world and the material sphere. This doctrine did not cause Sufis to give up their careers and financial resources because the basis of spiritual progress depends on meeting livelihood needs. In the centuries before Constitutional Revolution, the vocations were mainly traditional. However, these ways of providing financial resources were not solely dependent on jobs. Rulers and Fotowat associations provided financial resources for Sufis. With the beginning of Constitution and promotion of the foundations of modernism, the trend of professions and jobs changed to a great extent towards new occupations. Except for these two categories (traditional and modern), a separate account can be considered for political careers, and depending on the attitude and vision of government and the opponents of Sufism, it can be considered as one of the factors influencing this type of employment. The purpose of this research is to explain how Sufism's career process is related to the change of political and social conditions in Iran from Constitutional Revolution onward. It is assumed that the course of changes in careers of Sufis is based on the policy of tolerance and open-mindedness in the worldview of Sufism in an effort to maintain spiritual power, in which, while maintaining the traditional jobs of previous centuries such as agriculture, etc., new occupations (administrative, cultural- scientific and political) have been welcomed. This issue has influenced the thinking and intellectual foundations as well as social life of Sufis and has become aligned with other classes and social groups along with socialization process of Sufi sects. This research will investigate this hypothesis using documents, sources and historical data of the contemporary period with a descriptive-analytical method.

At the end of the Qajar era and with the subsidence of constitutionalist sentiments and the weakness of the central government, the history of ancient Iran was more and more noticed by artists. After Reza Khan came to power and increased archeological exploration in different parts of Iran, many intellectuals of that time found the solution to the problems of Iranian society in referring to Iran's brilliant past. Especially with the dominance of nationalist thoughts in Iran, these readings of history went in a certain direction. One of these people was Gregory Yeghikian, who tried to reconstruct ancient Iran by writing two historical plays. Yeghikian shows the fall of the great Achaemenid Empire in the play War of the East and the West and the weakening of the central government of Iran at that time and the causes of this fall and the occupation of Iran by Alexander the Great. However, at the same time, parts of northwestern Iran were occupied by Russian and Ottoman forces during the First World War. In this article, we are trying to explain why the history of ancient Iran was important in that era by introducing the Yeghikian, and by analyzing the play of the War of the East and the West, we will examine how pre-Islamic Iran was reflected in the first Pahlavi era, based on the approach of Fairclough 's critical discourse analysis.

One of the most important political and cultural developments in the social history of Iran is the establishment of new schools in the Qajar period; a prolonged process that began in the Naserid period with the invention of the phonetic alphabet by Mirza Hasan Rushdieh and gradually spread from the west of Iran to other regions of the country after overcoming many obstacles in the confrontation between tradition and modernity. After the establishment of Saadat School in Bushehr, the change in Iran's educational structure spread to other southern ports, including Bandar Lenge. The new schools, located directly on the Persian Gulf and at the southern gateway to the country, attracted the attention of foreign businessmen and diplomats. From the very beginning, in the post-constitutional period, the establishment of these schools was met with resistance. However, the schools managed to overcome the oppositions and obtain the approval of the Ministry of Education, so they continued to operate during the Pahlavi period. The present article was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and is based on primary archival sources such as documents and newspapers. The aim of the article is to examine the introduction of new educational methods in the schools in Bandar Lenge. The result shows that social conditions, the performance of various individuals and institutions and foreign support played a decisive role in the establishment of new schools. In addition, the frequent presence of foreigners under the pretext of financial aid and educational support became one of the ways to increase foreign influence.

Changing and reforming the educational system was the central concern of a range of modern thinkers of the advanced Pahlavi era, which appeared as a modernist discourse in the cultural sphere of this time. The play was one means of expressing these concerns, which, as a new type of writing, could express new concepts in a conversational and story-like format. In the current research, while analyzing the content of constitutional plays and Pahlavi's advanced period, an attempt has been made to examine the mentality of some of the modernist elites in connection with education and its relationship with the country's cultural development. An analytical examination of the content of these plays shows a change in the education discourse, a development that can be interpreted as a modernism manifestation. Criticism of the traditional attitude and introduction of new themes, a new conceptualization of “homeland”, insisting on the necessity of education for all, including adults, and emphasizing physical education alongside education, is a reflection of this discourse evolution. Also, the change in the playwriting approach of the Pahlavi period, compared to the constitutional period, was a function of the political conditions of the time, which was consistent with the policies of the Pahlavi government in the modernization field. In addition, the particular focus on the concept of a better future for the “homeland” in these plays can be seen as a reflection of the nationalism discourse of the Pahlavi era, which focused on the importance of education as a corridor for the transition to a developed and advanced country in the view of the modernists of this era.

The law on the uniformity of clothing and the subsequent standardization of the clothing of government employees, especially women, was one of the preconditions for the passage of the law on the discovery of the hijab and greatly influenced its process. These two laws are one of the main actions of the government in order to modernize Iranian society, especially women, and change the Qajar culture to Western culture. The study of the measures taken in Gilan, as an important state in the development of contemporary Iranian history, is one of the main objectives of this study, which is a historical and qualitative study method to research and study more than 250 pages of archival documents and library resources. O paid. The key question of the present study is this point; What was the attitude of the Gilanis towards the law on the discovery of hijab during the reign of Reza Shah? According to the studies, the main factor in the rapid adoption of these laws in Gilan is the influence of Western thought, culture and civilization in this region and the familiarity of the people with it. One of the most important consequences of the discovery of the hijab and the unification of the cover of different ethnic groups in Iran is that this action destroys the nature of Iran and its ethnic diversity and endangers the existence of people in different parts of Iran.

Foreign relations, at all levels, whether formal, state or personal relations, require familiarity with foreign languages. With the increase in need for establishing foreign relations at all levels in the contemporary Iranian history, the issue of educating and learning foreign languages got new aspects. In the early 19th century, the Iranian defeats in two wars against Russia made them aware of their lag behind the new science and technology train, and the Iranians decided to learn the new sciences. And in this regard, familiarity with foreign languages was of paramount importance. Various factors led to the French language becoming the primary among the foreign languages in the 1st period of this movement (from the 19th centrury to the 2nd world war), and during the next period (until the end of the 2nd Pahlavi reign), English became the first foreign language. In this paper, this issue is probed first from the historical aspect, and the historical evidence and clues relating to the change and development  of foreign languages in Iran is looked into. Then, using the "Linguistic Imperialism" theory by Robert Phillipson, it is examined how this change, while being influenced by domestic conditions and policy making of the Iranian governments, has been influenced by a global trend and the English language emerging as an international language. In other words, Iranian situation has not been contrary to the international trend, and the emerging of the English language in Iran as the first foreign language, must be seen as influenced by the globalization policies.

The third development program is the first comprehensive development program of Iran, which was one of the successful programs of the Pahlavi era. In terms of economic growth, 6% has exceeded the targeted growth rate. The White Revolution or the Revolution of the King and the People was a series of economic and social developments and reforms in Iran that were implemented during the era of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi with the help of the then ministers. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of the interference of the White Revolution on the implementation of the third development program. This research is qualitative and has been done by document analysis. The research aims to answer the question of what effect the interference of the White Revolution had on the implementation of the third development program. The White Revolution, which witnessed an increase in principles (from 6 principles to 19 principles) since its approval and implementation, was a grand program with bigger and long-term goals in terms of time and strategy, while the third development program was medium-term (5 years) which had limited goals (6% economic growth) with three fixed strategies (increasing domestic savings, effective use of budget and birth control). Most of the goals and principles of the third development program are included under the principles of the White Revolution, so that there is a great content relationship between the principles of the White Revolution and the third development program. Therefore, this two program s are in some way aligned and therefore, although with different titles, they have moved in the same direction. The performance results of the third development program show that its interference with the White Revolution had a positive effect and this interference made the group of influential powers in governance to try to achieve the set goals.

Songhar and Keliai is one of the fertile areas in Kermanshah that was considered by some influential families of this government during the Qajar period. They bought a lot of land in the area by buying people's property for a small price. Two of the great landowners of this region are Abdul Hussein Farmanfarma and Amanullah Khan Fath al-Sultan, the former being the Qajar prince and the latter one of the elders of the Sanghar district. Due to the financial crisis and the outbreak of the First World War, these landowners in the late Qajar period avoided timely payment of their land taxes. The government often appeased these people, but after the coup of 1299, especially after the prime ministership and reign of Reza Shah, they were severely audited. The main question of the present study is why the landowners in Sanghar had tax debts and how the Qajar and Pahlavi governments dealt with this issue. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and its reliance is on the documents related to two of the major landowners of Songor region. The findings of the study indicate that the owners of the Qajar period, due to the exemptions provided by the government and the influence they had in the court, refused to pay their taxes on time. But early in Reza's reign and reign, due to his need to fund his extensive reforms and renovations through taxation and his greed to seize their fertile lands, these landlords were severely audited..

"Influence" is one of the strategies of exercising power, which was applied in hard and semi-hard forms in the old ages and in the new age in a soft form by one country against another country or by a person or a group on another person or group. In this article, the researchers intend to investigate the American security influence during the Pahlavi period in line with the Jihad of explanation. The research question is based on the basis of what was the American security influence during the Pahlavi period? To achieve this goal, the research with a descriptive-analytical method based on a qualitative model with an explanatory approach of wise and structural-causal authority, first of all, the axes and examples of the American security influence in the Pahlavi period based on convincing documents and documents are considered and analyzed. The findings of the research indicate that America has focused on the authority of power in the country i.e. the king in order to influence the security field of this period due to the dictatorial government structure where most of the power is in the hands of the ruler and by influencing and dominating this; so the authority of power uses two intelligence and security institutions of the country (SAVAK and the army's counter-intelligence) for its goals and interests in Iran and the West Asia region.

Iran is the first country in the Middle East where oil was produced and the first country whose oil industry was nationalized. Oil has always been the most important source of foreign exchange earnings and one of the main sources of development programs and annual budgets in Iran. Oil price fluctuations and impulses, and their direct impact on government revenues in different eras have caused changes in the economic, political, and social spheres. The purpose of this research is to investigate the position, part, and importance of the oil revenues in the first to fifth development programs during the Pahlavi era. This research is qualitative, and the data collection method is based on archival sources with a descriptive-historical method for data analysis. The results of the research showed that the reduction and elimination of oil revenues after the boycott of this industry (due to the nationalization of the oil industry) was the main reason for the failure of the first development program, which did not reach its goals. Nevertheless, in the second development program, oil has been one of the main economic growth sectors of this plan. Although in the second development program, the service sector had the most important role, from 1963 onwards, the oil sector was again considered the main sector of Iran's economy until the end of the fifth development program. In the third and fourth programs, oil is placed as the main support for the remarkable success and proper growth of these plans. Therefore, from the third development program to the end of the Pahlavi era, the oil production amount and incomes increased. After the feverish increase of oil prices in the world markets in the early 1970s, the forecast of a sharp increase in oil revenues was one of the main factors for the revision of the fifth development program.