جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « -Literary evidence » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The background of the relations between Iran and the Arabs goes back to before the Achaemenid period. An important part of these relations was due to the need of the nomadic people for the facilities available in the Iranian plateau and commercial goods that were traded between Iran, India, and China. The gradual migration of human communities from the southern shores of the Persian Gulf due to the lack of favorable conditions for human life has affected the socio-political structure of parts of the islands and coasts. The Arabs were active in part of the Persian Gulf trade in the shadow of culture and security caused by the control of the central government of Iran during the ancient era. The existence of a market network culture in the sea the importance of trade and the ease of passage of commercial ships caused peaceful relations between Iranians and the Arabs. Iranians and scattered Arab nomads lived side by side in economic and cultural interaction and provided the basis for the cultural and economic growth and prosperity of the Persian Gulf. This research aims to study the political relations between Iran and the Arabs in the Persian Gulf during the first 150 years of the Sassanid Empire, in a descriptive-analytical method, based on the written sources.

Cyrus the Great has been always considered as the founder of Achaemenid Empire. Whereas there is no significant source in his homeland about him and the researches about his life and death can be only found in foreign sources. The most important sources which provide a clear picture of his life, are the Greek historians’ works and their posterities’ in the next periods. However, these sources have been wrapped in a halo of myths and consequently have problems and ambiguities. Cyrus’s death is also a complicated issue in Achaemenid period and in addition to above mentioned problems, there is a contradiction in the sources. From various reports, two general contents can be resulted. One is death in the final conflict and the second is natural death. The fundamental question of this research is how to analyze the contradictions of the texts about Cyrus II’s death. Accordingly, in this research, it is aimed to study the sources with a critical approach by analyzing each narration in context of time, place and discourse. The findings of this study show that the various narrations about Cyrus’s death are just reports among the other reports that had different elements and origins for each of them. Also by critical analysis of each narration, it tries to assess the credential characteristics of each report. The research method is descriptive-analytical in library style.

Among the existing chordophones it is harp (in Persian, Chang) that had a special position in ancient civilizations. No investigation has yet been conducted on the history of harp and its development in different periods; however, in this regard, historical sources and archeological data provide valuable information for researchers. Musical instruments, especially harp, have not been invented and developed during one civilization. Due to cultural similarities of Ancient Near East civilizations and their supremacy over these civilizations, the development of this musical instrument may be effected by various factors such as environmental, geographical, cultural, and etc. It has been mentioned in texts dated to Sassanid era like Bundahišn, Husraw ī Kawādān ud Rēdag-ē, and Draxt Ī Āsūrīg, as well as appeared in sculptures, mosaics, silverware, figurines, and seals. Harp originated in ancient civilization of Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, Sumer, and Elam was developed in Sassanid era. It can be evidenced by resemblance of some types of Sumerian and Elamite harps to Sassanid harps. According to Pahlavi texts, Van or Vin is a kind of harp which was widely used in Sassanid era. This type of research is a descriptive-analytical one. Library research was used to gather relevant data based on archaeological findings and documents. The aims of this research were to compare Sassanid harps to the eras before it, and to define its structure. Structural elements are described using archaeological evidence and Organology literature.