جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Hamedan » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Study ruling families’ rise of power after the decline of the central powers shows the historical process of passing from centralized Iranian governments to local governments. Unfortunately, theoretical studies related to family history have not yet begun in Iran, so that the emergence and decline of ruling families can be examined in detail. This article studies and analyzes fall of the Gavrudian in Gavrudi region near Hamedan and Kurdistan and in particular Gavrudian's policy towards the three governments of kara kouynlu, Timurid, and Ak kouynlu. The main problem of the Gavrudians who ruled during the 9th century that they could adjust their interests to the three governments’ different and fluid interests. Thus, the fluidity of central governments’ interests led to the Gavrudians’ reaction fluidity and complexity. They could not establish a strong and stable power against the central governments’ centralist policies. The rapid changes forced them to adopt immediate and opportunistic policies. Therefore they became confused. In addition, intra-family rivalries and the performance of rival families reduced their power.

One of the main aspects in understanding past cultures is the study and analysis of pottery works in ancient sites. The passage of communication routes such as the Khorasan highway during the historical period, especially in the Islamic period, has caused the emergence of many pottery cultures in this part of the country. Considering the influence of Hamedan pottery cultures and consequently the Qoroq site from large pottery areas of the Islamic period, in this research, an attempt is made to answer these questions. In terms of construction style and decoration, the effects of which areas can be seen in the pottery of Qoroq site? What are the most important types of pottery in this area from the 5th to 8th century AH? And which type of pottery has native characteristics? The main purpose of this writing is to identify the types of pottery indicators of the study site, which is done through the study of archaeological data obtained from modern surveys. In the present research, the descriptive-analytical research method and information gathering has been done in the form of library studies and field comparison of the findings of this area with other areas. The results show that the pottery art of this area can be seen in terms of construction and decoration techniques influenced by the art of neighboring areas such as Zolfabad, Aveh, Soltanieh, Takht-e Soleiman, Kangavar and Boroujerd. Also more than 10 types of pottery from the fifth to the eighth century AH have been identified, which include different types of unglazed and glazed pottery, each of which is divided into simple, patterned and multi-colored subsets under the glaze. In the meantime, specimens such as Dishes with multicolored decoration on white glaze probably have local characteristics.

The Allied occupation of Hamedan in World War II had several social, economic, and cultural consequences. The cultural-educational activities of the region underwent temporary and fleeting changes during this period, and the effects of the war caused conditions such as the fragmentation of cultural activists' programs, the stagnation of press activity, the stagnation in the performance of literary associations, and the decline of activity. Cinema and theater, the suspension of formal education in schools and the closure of some of them in Hamedan. The subject of this research is the study of the cultural consequences of World War II in Hamedan. The present study has a descriptive-analytical method and approach and the information has been collected in a library-documentary manner based on existing reports. This research seeks to answer the question of what were the consequences and effects of the outbreak of World War II and the occupation of Hamedan on the cultural situation in the region and what were the causes of these consequences? The findings of this study show; Most of the cultural-educational consequences were unstable and limited to the occupation of Hamedan, which was gradually revived with the evacuation of the city by the Allies. These negative consequences in the field of culture and education were among the short-term consequences of the war. During the war, the first priority of the people was to meet economic needs, and cultural and educational needs were not considered a priority of the people at that time.

The northern plains of the Alvand mountain range in Hamedan are known as part of the Median land and the capital of this period. Research and study on Iron Age III settlements with the aim of identifying and drawing an accurate pattern of the sites of this period was one of the goals of the writers in this region, which was carried out in recent years. Qale-dagh Tepe is one of the areas that have been reviewed and studied in this research. Qale-dagh or Aghdash area is located at an altitude of 2009 meters above sea level in the foothills of Arjanī mountain overlooking the Hamedan plain. The height of the area is 41 meters above the level of surrounding rangelands. The site was first identified and registered in 1381 AH and in 1385 AH in the comprehensive plan of archaeological survey of Hamedan city was reviewed. Despite much destruction, the site has not yet been studied and archaeologically excavated. Qale-dagh is a single period from the Iron Age III. It consists of single and dense brick building that can be seen in parts of the main walls and its gates. There is evidence of filling in the gaps between the back and the outside of the walls at an unspecified time. The pottery obtained from the study is small and contains non-significant samples of this period. There are questions about the condition of the area and its function in the heights of the Hamedan plain that this study has addressed. The research method in this paper is based on archaeological studies and comparative studies. Preliminary results show that Qale-dagh area is located in specific geographical location, architectural style, pottery data and compared with other sites of Median period such as Nush-I-Jan Tepe, Moush Tepe and Haji Khan is a religious place overlooking the capital of Med (Hegmataneh).

The native and traditional architecture of each region has been derived from the climate and geography of that region, and mosques as the most important permanent building of Islam in different cities and climates have developed and survived over time by maintaining their unique characteristics in accordance with the climate of each region. The survival of the structure of the historical mosques of Hamedan has also been influenced by the climatic indicators of the region and the climate has guaranteed the structure of the mosques for many years and has provided the possibility of peaceful coexistence of architecture with the environment and its integration. On this basis, this question can be asked that to what extent did climatic characteristics influence the process of forming mosques? In other words, to what extent have climatic factors been effective in creating similar shapes and forms in the building of Hamedan mosques? Its purpose is to recognize Hamedan’s climatic indicators in the structure of mosques by relying on study sources and field surveys to provide a basis for answering the mentioned questions .Considering that the quality of the structural model and the materials used in the mosques of Hamadan city have many similarities with each other due to the high foothill climate of the region ,and the design matching the climate in most of the mosques of this region is similar to other cities of the high foothill climate and mountainous has been observed, as a result, by studying and comparing architecture and climate, the degree of adherence to climate in the architecture of these valuable structures can be obtained. In order to understand the architecture of the historical mosques of Hamadan city, all the documentary, library and field data have been reviewed in a comprehensive way to reveal the effects of climate on the architectural structure of the mosques.

Tax booklets are significant historical evidence from the Qajar era. Most of these booklets have been written in Siyaq chirography, containing valuable information about the Qajar period's economic, social, cultural, and local history. Taking advantage of a historical approach and statistical techniques, the present article aims to review and process revenue and expenditure booklets of Hamedan and Qaraguzlū in the years 1304 and 1306 AH: how Hamedan Province's taxes were collected and spent during this time. The primary data used to answer this question are extracted from the revenue and expenditure booklets. Historical sources and contemporary studies are also used to explain the technical terms used in these tax booklets. The study results indicate that the tax on agricultural lands was an essential taxation resource. It was mainly allocated to the tribal chiefs and military costs and the expenses related to court, rulers, and alderpersons. The budget for construction substructures and agriculture development was relatively insignificant.

The Allied occupation of Iran in World War II had several political, economic, social, and cultural consequences for Iran. One of these effects was the economic consequences that led to conditions such as famine and food shortages, inflation and recession, high prices, declining trade, and the closure of production centers. The subject of this research is the study of the economic consequences of World War II in Hamedan. In conducting this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used and information has been collected in a library-documentary manner based on existing reports. This research seeks to answer the question of what were the economic consequences and effects of World War II and the occupation of Hamedan on this region? The findings of the present study show; Numerous factors have played a role in the economic problems of the region during the war and most of these consequences have been short-term and unstable and limited to the occupation of Hamedan. Due to the unfavorable economic situation of Hamedan during the years 1325-1320 was considered as an objective and tangible consequences of the war, solving these problems has been a priority for the people of the region. The outbreak of World War II in the economic field not only had many negative and destructive consequences for the region, but also had positive results such as the construction and improvement of communication routes, the establishment of repair centers, especially military vehicles, and master training. Keywords: Hamedan, World War II, Allies, Economic Consequences.

During the nationalization of the oil industry, political parties and groups were very active in Hamedan. The Tudeh Party was one of the parties operating in the form of associations and a united council of workers and toilers. Opposing the National Movement and Mossadegh's government, the party was often involved with the "Hamadan National Movement Supporters Association." The trade union and the united council of workers and toilers of this party and other party organizations, such as the "House of Peace", played an effective role among the workers of Hamedan factories through their activities in the workers' strikes. The purpose of this article was to analyze the activities of the Tudeh Party and the council among the workers of Hamedan.The present article is based on data extracted from archival documents and library resources. The findings of the study show the activity of the Tudeh Party and the United Council of Workers and toilers of the Hamadan branch in opposition to the national movement, by recruiting workers and holding labor strikes in factories in Hamadan. Thus, for the first time, the labor movement in an organized way raised new trade unions and political-economic demands and created political and security problems for the officials of Hamedan

Historical events in addition to time span affected by regional extension. This factor makes the researcher of history inevitably scrutinizing the location of events. A’lam's history and developments have not been exempt from this rule. A’lam is the northern most point in the province of Hamedan, which is connected to important government centers such as Hamedan, Qazvin and Soltanieh via communication routes. For this reason, the political and religious significance of its use by the rulers in crossing these cities has been used by the rulers. Therefore, the routes of communication, along with the geographical position and the extent of the land, give it the importance of a path that is not hidden from the eyes of rulers, tribes, and religious groups. Now, to understand the history of this land, knowing the geography and historical background of the A’lam is of great significance. The findings of the present study indicate that this place was of high geopolitical importance due to its lowland and smooth terrain that facilitated traffic along its route and along the Kharqan Mountain.

Seals are one of the most important archaeological findings that provide reliable information about geographical names and job positions of the past. During Sasanian period seals were used by individual government officials. The use of seals expanded with the growth of Sasanian economy. In the archives of the Bu’ali Museum of Hamadan, 23 Sassanid seals from the Asadabad area are kept. Eleven of these seals have motifs of human, six have animal motifs, one has hand motif and two others hybrid mythological. The present research deals with the ten seals. Among these ten seals, five have human image (four a man’s image and one a woman image), four seals have animal designs (three bull and one ram) and one is a monogram seal. The purpose of this research is to document, read inscriptions and examine the roles of these seals.

Hamadan, as one of the oldest cities in Iran, and the center of the Median state, which undoubtedly has been the "heart of Iran" in popular thought since the Achaemenid era in terms of geography. In the late Sassanid era, it was easily subjected to invasion, and with its conquest by the Muslims, Islam came to this city. This study attempts to examine the process of forced or compulsory entry of Islam into the city of Hamadan and attempts to reject the theory of forced acceptance of Islam by Hamadan people on the one hand and to criticize the idea of easy acceptance of Islam by Hamadan people. This study examines the following: (a) The people of Hamadan have shown strong resistance to the Arabs, but this does not mean that Islam has also been forced into the Hamadan culture. B) The Islamisation of the Hamadans has not been rational and deliberate everywhere, but other psychological, social, economic and political factors have also influenced their Islamization. C) Adoption of Islam did not necessarily mean acceptance of Arab culture, but the core of Islam as a text (Qur'an) penetrated among the Hamadans, and they were able to understand this revelation, and finally to fit it with their human possessions and to mix it with the truth. Heavenly Islam, cultural objectification. heavenly truth of Islam a cultural object.

With the issuance act of the constitution and the appointment mohammasalishah qajar the political situation of Iran entered a new phase of events and riots.One of the most important events of this period was the appearance and presence Salar-aldowle, the third'son of muzaffar-aldin shah, in the political scene of western part of the country. One of the areas that suffered a lot in this incident was Hamedan. This city which was located on the communication, commercial and business roads districts western of Iran was experienced consequences this destroyer presence with demolition, bloodbath, loot, famine and dissecurity. Why and how to presence the Salaraldowle in Hamedan and conjunction social – economic consequences in the 1325 and 1329 – 1331 is the main subject of this research that with metodic analytic and with uses of document trying to examine dimension this events. As for to the main issue of this research consequences shows that Hamedan although was not the main base in the attacks' Sallr-aldowle but the leitmotive plunder and the long establishment, bloodbath, loot by the kord and lore and kalhore and bakhtiari tribes and dissecurity caused by the bandit's attacks, destroyed the economic properity of the urban and rural areas. And the lack of social security has caused a irreparable damage in Hamedan region.

Hamadan great mosque, the oldest mosque in the old urban context, is located between the city market and the central square. This prominent mosque belongs to the early Islamic centuries, which has been rebuilt during various periods, especially the Safavid and Qajar periods, but isn’t remains of the ancient structure of the mosque, and the current structure belongs to the Qajar period. Despite the general features of this work, the shape of the mosque building has a great impact on bringing the building in line with the climate. Now the question arises to what extent has the region’s climate been able to influence the process of mosque formation?  And to what extent does climate modeling ensure the durability of the mosque’s structure? Based on the above questions, the purpose of the present study is to introduce and analyze architecture of great mosque by using descriptive-analytical method and relying on study resources and field studies to provide answers to the questions raised. The result of such a study can be seen in influencing the architectural features of the mosque from the region’s climate; this work, in addition to its religious function, the location of the mosque and its location along the main market of the city, has led the mosque to play an important role. According to the architectural structure of the mosque, the major developments in the building are related to the Qajar and contemporary periods; the structure of the columns of the nave of the mosque, It has a dome, minaret and sangab, and is the only example of a dome mosque of historical value in the urban context of Hamadan.

Iran is an ancient country with a long history in art and architecture presenting innovative and creative works embedded in different parts. The heritage of effort to ceate wonders representing faith and belief in god and indicator of culture and civilization.The architect artists created mosque for worship ,school for education and Baazar for trade and economic affairs and carvansara for rest of trades and merchants.Iranian baazar is a unified fabric of different elements with a service-trade approach embracing the heart of economics and life in the city.One of these elements is carvansara as the inns on the way dating back to achemenian era.Due to different climates in Iran and distance between cities , the presence of plaes for rest and food provision was necessary without which paving long distances between cities was impossible.In this research ,the history and architecture of and carvansara are paid attention to and carvansara Safrkhani is chosen to get the details of this kind of building and pathology of building.Library documents along with field observations were reied on to get the historical trend of carvansara in Iran and pathologies of this building in restoration. Iranian civilization as other civilizations, convoys were always on the road and traveling. Institutions providing aid stations in certain areas of the road with a long time ago, during the Achaemenid Cyrus was launched. In the words of Herodotus’ invention of Iranians in different sections of roads, stations were set up with Bashgvh guest houses and roads are safe. As always in traffic took place. Number of stations with Sardis to Susa 111 Post Road house number was. “Due to the diversity and beauty of the buildings, many scholars and experts in the field of art, architecture, caravanserais of Iran’s most important architectural landmarks successes and professor of Iranian players in the creation of these buildings have pioneering and Mobtaker. In this article we will cover in this context Caravansary INNS Haj-Safarkhany is studied in this province. INNS can help identify and restore them from being destroyed due to lack of knowledge or forgetting to prevent infection. The introduction and repair and restoration and rehabilitation of caravanserais investigations have been conducted. The research question is: Is this house plan forms the passage of time and changes to street and has changed? In this method, field studies and documentation library and research is descriptive. In general, the evolution and spread of caravanserais in different periods depending on the social, economic, religious, and the acquisition and development has been associated with the above. The inn has held various functions in the past, has caused different names to these buildings is housed in the dictionary, including Karbat, ligaments, and Khan’s tent. Inn combines Caravan (meaning a group of passengers) and house (meaning house or place), in other words we can say that the caravan inn building to accommodate the inn room and porch addition of the clause and the barn and Storage is often called the sheath entrance to the house is a small market and the entrance was a clean room that is dedicated to Karvansalar. Sometimes towers located on both sides of the house and ligaments during the defense and security of the toll taken. Karvansrahayy for keeping horses and cattle that have been used to Rabat, they may watch or ra ra Arab ligament is Pat. Pat way or path past the house, the ligaments in addition to water storage tank and several rooms around the courtyard engulfed and passengers can have one or more nights in the Byasaynd. December Zrpatgan feet and was also the root.

By the demise of the Qajar dynasty and the establishment of the Pahlavi government, relations between the government and people experienced major changes. Modernism and modernization were the aims that Reza Shah and his West-oriented advisors wanted to fulfill in Iran’s Islamic and traditional society. Removing Hijab was one of the aims imposed brutally by the regime in order to pave the way for women to enter the society. Agreements and disagreements against this law in different cities, was one of the most prominent incidents in Iran's contemporary history. In Hamedan, removing Hijab also faced with bitter incidents. The current study, first, explores the process of removing hijab in Hamedan by using descriptive-analytic method based on historical sources and valid documents. Then, it examines the consequences of announcing this law in Hamedan.

Arsacid Empire is one of the least known periods in the history of Iran which، until recently، was called the “dark middle age of ancient Iran civilization”. In Iranian culture and tradition، this period is usually ignored and left unexplored. For years، identification and investigation of Arsacid culture and art were done just based on the excavations carried out in Mesopotamia and Syria، especially in Palmira and Dura Europos. In Iran، the important sites excavated only include Susa (50 km south Andimeshk and 114 km north of Ahwaz)، Khajeh Mountain (in Sistan)، Khorheh (in Markazi province)، Qale’ Yazdgird (in western Iran، close to Qasre Shirin)، Tepe NushiJan (60 km south Hamedan)، Qale’ Zahak (16 km southeast Sareskan city)، Taq-i Bustan cemetery (in Kermanshah)، Parthian domain of Bisotun (in Harsin city) and Laodicea Temple (in Nahavand). One of the most valuable Arsacid cultural materials is pottery، a difficult، unknown yet important issue studying which is a must. An essential، prominent aspect of Arsacid pottery is that the works of pottery were not identical throughout Arsacid territory. In this period، in every region of Iran، there were works of pottery which were unique to that region and differed from the potteries of neighboring regions. Sang-e Shir area، now known as Sang-e Shir square، is placed at the east of Hamedan city. Today، a very small part of this site has turned into the square and the rest is buried under residential houses. To the northeast of this area، there is a vast cemetery on a natural hill; stone lion statue is located on the highest point to the southwest. This cemetery was visited by Ali Akbar Sarfaraz in 1966، and later، in 1974-75 by Masoud Azarnoush as a result of which Achaemenid، Seleucid?، Parthian and Islamic graves were excavated. As a result of the excavations، four different types of burial were identified including burial in clay coffins، burial in clay pithos، burial without coffin (corpse in a flexed position)، and burial without coffin (corpse in a extended position). In his 1975 report، Azarnoush divided these burials into three categories: burials flexed is considered as belonging to 4th century BC because of a coin from Caria found; he claims that this coin can possibly be dated back to Hecatomnus، the king who was appointed by Artaxerxes II as the head of Iranian Army that were to fight Evagoras، the rebelling king of Salamis. Burials with or without coffins along northeast-southwest axis in which the head is in the southwest are considered، doubtfully، to belong to Seleucid? period based on comparative studies on excavations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Burials with or without coffin along northeast-southwest axis in a which the head is in the northeast، are regarded as belonging to the late first half and early second half of 2td century BC based on the coins found in these burials that belong to Mithradates I، Phraates II and Gutarzes II. In this article، the Parthian potteries found in this cemetery were the subject of study، typological analysis، comparison and contrast، which led to the identification of Common، Clinky and Glazed pottery categories. Comparative study investigation indicated that these potteries are similar to the Parthian potteries of central Mesopotamia (Seleucia)، west (Kangavar، Bisotun، Tepe Nush-IJan، Khorheh، Ti-Haleh site in Khorramabad Valley)، southwest (Tepe Darougeh، level III of Chaour palace-Susa، eastern Apadana-Susa، level VI of Ville Royale in Susa، Masjid Soleiman)، and northwest (the site of Germi in Moghan plain) of Iran. Based on the analysis، the pottery set found in Sang-e Shir Cemetery of Hamedan can be dated to the early and middle Parthian period.

The hometown and nationality of Seyyed Jamal al-Din Asad-abadi was an issue for governments when he was living, and, later, was a matter of disagreement for some history researchers. After Naser al-Din Shah was assassinated and Seyyed Jamal became known as the one who encouraged Mirza Reza Kermani to bring Shah down, the Iranian government asked the Ottoman government to return Seyyed Jamal to Iran. This request was turned down for both English and Ottoman governments doubted the Iranian nationality of Seyyed Jamal and finally did not return him to Iran. The present paper introduces the newly found documents which can be traced back to the time when Seyyed Jamal was living, and substantiates that he was born in Asad-abad, Hamedan and had Iranian nationality.

During this survey 29 sites have been recognized totally. Settlement patterns determined base of environmental characteristics such as altitude, ground slope, source of water, petrology and geology, vegetations, land use and specifications of sites including width, chronology, regional distribution and density and all of them have been divided by using geographic information systems (GIS) and cluster analysis in five clusters including I, II, III, IV and V. On the basis of the collected data, effective reasons for development of permanent settlements in plain are: variant slope from higher part to lower surrounded plain in hillsides, high density sediments in adjacent mountains, and influence of seasonal network in northwest of the region as well as low height valley. Moreover the reasons of increasing the number of pastoral sites in pastures are: higher altitude and unsuitable agricultural grounds and shallow extended sites in every parts of region.