جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Political parties » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Teymourtash had a fundamental role in transforming the authoritarian power circle of Qajar to Constitutional Monarchy and informing the parliament deputies of the Western states' games of power. He, along with Forooghi, Modarres Taghizade, Davar and other, was one of the lecturers and the leader of Eatedalyon (The Moderates) party in the second parliament (Majlis). He is known as a key figure in being an arbitrator in interaction with other countries and passing legislative resolutions such as establishment of Gendarmerie, opposition with The 1919 Treaty, immigration of parliament deputies from Qom to Kermanshah during 1919 occupation, granting the Northern oil exploitation right to the American company, The Mix Committee decisions, closure of the parliament on the issue of Schuster and also the period of "gap" and serving as the governor of Gilan ,Kerman and Baloochestan, ministry of justice, impartiality on the issue of republicanism, joining Reza Shah's cabinet, establishment of Majlis-e-Moassesan (Constituent Assembly) and ousting Qajar dynasty from power. This study, utilizing a desk research method, tries to find an answer to this question: What political roles had Moazezolmolk had from the time of being a parliament deputy to the establishment of Majlis-e-Moassesan (Constituent Assembly) and before serving as the Ministry of Court of Pahlavi? We also study his performance during socio-political changes of the period by investigating existing historical documents and sources.

Although different researchers have investigated various factors in the instability of parties and their inefficiency in the second Pahlavi period, but it can be said that the expansion of Iran and the heterogeneous social structure of Iranian society is one of the reasons for its social divisions during the course of history, especially in After Reza Shah's coming to power, it has become more widespread and the social consensus necessary for political development and above all the formation of political parties has been reduced. National unity is of particular importance in societies that are made up of several ethnicities, groups and subcultures and is an important factor in political and social stability and cohesion without external control. "The consequences of the existence of heterogeneous social platforms, such as the widening of the ethnic-religious gap, the creation and expansion of the gap between traditionalists and modernists, the increase of the class gap between people and ideological conflicts among the political elites involved in the activities of political parties, caused Political parties could not achieve the desired efficiency and stability during the second Pahlavi period.

Simultaneous with the Constitutional Revolution, the lack of women's participation in the official politics and the growing presence of Iranian women in society, especially cultural, political and party activities, can be seen. The efforts of women with the policies of the Pahlavi period and the Iranian Women's Organization continued to play a direct role until the Islamic Revolution. The subject of the present article is the performance of the Women's Organization in Bushehr (1345-1357). The presence of socially active women and working women, especially the cultural strata of society, created a variety of formal spaces for the women's activities. By joining this organization, as their social and cultural duties, they considered various civic activities such as: caring for the deprived and the poor, visiting the sick, and trying to spread cultural activities, especially in the field of literacy and academia. The instructions and goals of the Women's Organization in Iran were determined in the center and communicated to different cities. The main question of the research is, "What role the Bushehri women and especially the Bushehr branch of the Women's Organization play in the activities and performance of the Iranian Women's Organization, during the period of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi?" The research hypothesis is, Bushehri women who were members of the Iranian Women's Organization, despite the obstacles and difficult local conditions, provided the necessary conditions for the women in the region to move out of social, political and especially cultural isolation and also provided various social services in Bushehr during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. The present study implements a descriptive-analytical method using the archival documents and library resources to answer the research question.

Political parties have always been a function of the circumstances and social conditions of their environment since their birth. As a result, developments in the economic situation in Iran in the 1990s have had a profound impact on the structure and functioning of political parties in the community. With the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the formation of the Islamic Republic, the process of establishing the executive management of the country began. The issue of economics, especially the Islamic economy, was one of the issues that theoreticians and theorists were addressing. Accordingly, political currents and political parties also commented on the economy of the country based on their intellectual foundations. The main issue of the study is to address political conflicts arising from economic developments in the first decade of the Islamic Revolution. Research findings suggest that in addition to the government's inefficiency in the field of economics and the lack of a specific strategy in the organization of affairs of the country, the formation of the flows and the spectrum of parties based on economic opinions has taken place.

The importance and value of electoral laws and its influence on the process of the formation of political institutes and political behavior and nature of people in long-term is completely clear. Thus, the method of encoding, enacting and implementing the mentioned rules had essential role in the formation and type of the activities of political parties, groups and flows in a society. These factors are also among the most important ones that direct political life of a country. Meanwhile, some electoral rules get higher importance and value by many reasons than other similar rules. The level of the effectiveness of the rules and proposing new topics on them are among the factors that help their excellence. The process of proposing, compiling and enacting of the third electoral rules of Persia began in January 1909 and continued until October 1910. These processes are among the specific rules in Iran’s electoral legislation. About the different dimensions of third electoral rules, lots of important and essential subjects and issues can be proposed and analyzed, but with regard to the existing limitations, this paper addresses the way of distributing electoral rights in the country in terms of the laws. In this regard, the issues of total number of representatives, collective selection, methods of selection of electoral districts in the states and cities, and religious minorities are briefly considered into account.

The beginning of the contemporary political history of France should be considered the year 1789 or, in other words, the beginning of the Great Revolution of the country. This event was in fact in order to limit the absolute power and to find a replacement for the constitutional system in France. After the revolution of 1799, a period of turbulent republicanism and parliamentarism began in France. Since then, the five different presidential republics have come into existence and each of them has brought different changes in the French constitution and in the role of parliament based on the political system. The first French Republic began in 1799 and continued till 1804. The second Republic began in 1848 with the resignation of Louis Philippe and continued until 1851. The third Republic of 1870 began, following the war between France and Germany and after the collapse of the second Empire, ending in 1940, with the occupation of France by the German army. The fourth Republic was born after the end of the French occupation in 1944 and continued till 1958 with the creation of the fifth Republic by General de Gaulle. Since the beginning of the Great French Revolution to the present time, the country has witnessed the existence of 15 Constitutions and 20 legal regimes. During this time, the real confrontation of two currents of thought, the defenders of the parliamentary system and the fans of authoritarian political system have played a determining role in France. The Republican lawmakers are looking to transition to a parliamentary and a democratic system. Considering these factors, we can say that during the rule of the French-style parliamentary, the left was supporting the parliamentary system and the right has defended the central government. Confrontation between these two polar opposites leads often to tension between the followers of these two points of view. The climax of this situation, during the third Republic, which coincided with the first World War, caused a kind of political instability in the country. Parliament's role in the third Republic and its related factors will be discussed in this article.

aying attention to security is one of the requirements of every state. The modernist state of First Pahlavi seriously considered social security from its own perspective. The aim of this research is to describe and analyze social security in the First Pahlavi era. The method is qualitative and historical-analytical one. By using written sources, this research deals with the question: Given the economic, social and cultural policies of First Pahlavi modernist state, how was social security in that era? The findings indicate that in the First Pahlavi era, the most significant task of modernist state, particularly police forces (Shahrbani), was to support absolute power of monarchy and preventing from every kind of political and social movements and legitimate freedoms. It was organized in a way that up-down policies and authoritarian measures of the regime could be implemented in social, economic and cultural dimensions, particularly weakening clergymen, uniform clothes, eliminating Islamic veils, anti-religion measures including destroying religious identity and culture, formal parliament, press censorship, property arrogation, horrible security organizations and so on, were not only the sources of fear and suffocation in society but also indicated the lack of social security in the First Pahlavi society.

The primary problem that guided this research was explaining the question of why internal and external political developments after August 1941, which were coincident with the opening of the thirteenth Parliament, did not lead to a fundamental change followed by an increasing role of the National Consultative Assembly in different fields. In the analysis of the problem, it is assumed that the development of the structure of the modern absolutist state, along with the aggravation of social fragmentation and the continuation of the traditional and patriarchal political culture as major obstacles to political development, had left the Parliament in an unstable and subservient position in the subsequent years, so that in the historical period of the 1950s, despite the internal critical situation caused by the weakening of the power of Shah as the top of the pyramid, strengthening of the political and military bureaucracy, and the foreign rule of the Allied Forces, the National Consultative Assembly lost its ability to monitor the affairs and make its ideal legislation. Consequently, despite the weakness of the monarchy and the young Shah’s lack of command over the affairs of the country, and with the struggle between the internal power groups and the weakening of territorial independence, we witnessed another interregnum in the legislative arena, and at this time, Domestic and foreign issues had a heavy shadow on the nature and functioning of the democratic institution of the National Consultative Assembly. Thus, achieving the ideals of Constitutionalism was given second priority, and attention and efforts remained focused on gaining or maintaining the democratic and political aspects of Constitutionalism, leading to a disregard for other constitutional organs. In this way, one of the most important aspects for the crystallization of Constitutionalism, that is, the development of the political culture in the new society based on participatory culture was postponed. Moreover, the sequence of events after the Constitutional Revolution was such that the efforts to “preserve the Constitution and the institution of legislative assembly” replaced any attempts to “develop the Constitution” and institutionalize its goals. Indeed, this is the key to the interpretation of all the events after the Constitution. By referring to historical sources and documents and studying the structure and function of the Parliaments in the 1950s, which encompasses the social and political life of thirteenth to sixteenth Parliaments, we can analyze the situation where, despite Reza Shah's departure from the political scene of the country and the subsequent political openness and in spite of the beginning of a new round of decentralization in the political and social structure of power, this temporary change did not mean progress in the path of development nor the dominance of new political-social institutions, such as the Parliament, parties, and social organizations, over the system of political power. The continuation of the structure and nature of the traditional political system and the rise of the political elite from the traditional sources of power, the most important of which was the traditional political culture, led to the reproduction of the absolutist domination in the Constitutional era, which was evident in the form of the confrontation between the structure and action of the Parliaments in the 1950s and the parallel centers of power.