جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Transportation » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Transportation is always considered, in all times and in all places, an important factor affecting the trade. This factor and its related elements have had a specific importance when evaluating issues of business and the merchants in Qajar period. Undoubtedly, one of the most important and effective component in the backwardness of Iran's trade was the unsuitable situation of the transportation during Qajar period. The findings of this study have showed, according to the witnesses, there were few main roads in Iran not comparable with countries dealing them. The attack to the caravans by the tribes, lawbreakers and thefts were the very important concerns for businessmen. Sometimes the relative security had been made by the compassionate and worthy rulers but it was not sustainable. Communications equipment, such as post and telegraph was incompatible and the businessmen were in trouble in many cases. The competitive activities of some states such as Great Britain and Russia, in this regard especially the railway, should not be ignored. The aim of the present study is to explain the inhibiting factors of the transportation in the roads and their impacts on the trade during Qajar period using the descriptive/ analytic method based on the contents of the newspaper “Kolkata Habl al-Matin”.

Because of the economic problems caused by the World War II, the government of Iran hired Dr. Arthur Millspaugh as the head of Finance Organization on November 12th, 1942, to carry out the economical reforms. One of the problems Millspaugh encountered to perform his duties, was the issue of transportation, particularly the shortage of cars and suitable tires. Intensive supervision of private and public cars, the establishment of the supplier institution, reorganization of the cargo handling organization, was among his efforts to resolve the problems. However, none of the reforms was effective. The present article used the documents of the National Archives, the documents of the Documentation Center, the diplomatic history of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ettelaat newspaper (1942-1945), and parliamentary negotiations to address the issue under investigation. It implemented analytical –descriptive approach to investigate the problems of transportation at that time and Millspaugh’s efforts to solve them. Our main question is why Millspaugh failed to fix the country's transport problems? Our hypothesis is that Allied military needs to transportation, left Millspaugh reforms ineffective.

In the years 1914-1945, the world went through two world wars and serious adverse and destructive consequences, in addition to the axis countries, were visible even on the countries around the world that were far from the battle front. At that time Iran was in the middle of the conflict and competition between the two countries, Russia in the north and England in the south. They each had their own tail toprotect the country. In this situation Iran does not get anything but harm. Famine was also one of the calamities that Iran gained. Fars province and the south of Iran were caught into this problem. Iranians although had experienced famine many times during the history, but successive droughts and the Allies would exa cerbate this problem. Fars province was the subject of transportation and shipping of the Allies and that was followed by more serious damageon the local economyand famine in to this province was more distinguishable than other provinces in Iran. This article with adescriptive approach, is an analysis of the causes of the starvation in Fars province during the thirty year ssince the beginning of World War I, till the end of World WarII.

The present paper explores transportation crisis in Iran after the First World War. Famine and drought and the need for cars and trucks urged the then Iranian government to take action to satisfy these needs. In the first place, the government decided to take Russian trucks – which were brought to Iran for the First World War – in place of the cost of the damage they caused to Iran. But the Russians did not accept this. Hence, the government decided to buy the trucks. Russians sold most of their trucks to the English forces that had settled in Iran and seemingly sold a number of them to Iranian government. But this did not resolve the transportation crisis. Consequently, to combat the problem, the government decided to buy cars from America and Germany.