جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « allies » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

he invasion of British, Soviet, and American forces in September 1941 led to the abdication of Reza Shah, resulting in Iran’s involuntary entry into a war that had various implications in political, economic, and social aspects. According to Article B of the Tripartite Agreement, the Iranian government was obliged to place all its communication facilities, including telephone, telegraph, and wireless services, at the disposal of the Allies. Thus, throughout the war, the Allied powers took control of telegraph and postal services. Documents indicate that the unrestricted operation of the Allies in employing the postal and telegraph communication system facilitated their full-scale interference in Iranian domestic affairs, leading to the disruption of the economic system and incurring numerous damages in various sectors of the Iranian economy. This research evaluates and investigates foreign domination over the postal and telegraph systems as an example of these consequences.While in recent years, there has been a growing trend of examining World War II and investigating its causes, backgrounds, and outcomes, many documents and records related to Iran are still preserved in archival centers in the form of data, which can provide a clear narrative of Iran’s situation during and after the war. The present research aims to investigate the conditions of Iran in this period through the lens of the postal and telegraph situation, relying on the available documents in Iranian archival sources. This article seeks to answer the following questions: What were the effects of the Tripartite Agreement imposed on Iran, as a result of the occupation during World War II on the state of Iran's postal and telegraph services? What was the significance of interference in postal and telegraph services for the Allied governments? How did the Iranian government react to foreign interference? This research endeavors to provide clear answers to these questions by using documents and analyzing historical data.

This article uses a descriptive-analytical approach. The subject is initially described comprehensively and then a historical analysis is conducted by utilizing the documents available in Iranian archives.

Following the occupation of the country by foreign forces during World War II, internal affairs in Iran were severely disrupted, and as a result, key sectors of the economy such as agriculture, industry, railways, postal and telegraph services, and foreign trade suffered serious damage. These events took place due to the presence of Allied forces. The Allies, through interfering in various political, economic, and social spheres during the war, took control of the country's vital administrative arteries, not only causing disruptions but also inflicting significant financial losses. One of the important economic sectors of the country was the postal and telegraph communication system, which, albeit at great expense, arrived in Iran with British and Russian support and it was a significant source of government revenue. With the occupation of Iran, this source of income fell into the hands of the Allied powers, leading to a decrease in its revenue. Disruption in the operations of merchants and traders, who relied on the postal and telegraph system to conduct business within and outside Iran, resulted in their financial losses. Reduction in the level of services provided by ministries, departments, and organizations related to economic and financial matters, as well as the reduction in the government revenue due to people’s payments for postal and telegraph expenses, are among the consequences of Allied interference in this crucial communication sector. With the occupation of Iran, not only did the postal and telegraph lose its role as an income source, but significant financial burdens were also imposed on the Iranian people and government.

Based on the research findings, the Allies, using the Tripartite Agreement, laid the groundwork for their direct interference in postal and telegraph services. This led to disruptions in trade, a reduction in the level of services provided by ministries, departments, and organizations related to economic and financial matters, a decrease in Iranian government revenue due to people’s payments for postal and telegraph expenses, and ultimately, a reduction in government revenue from this important economic source.

Although Iran declared neutrality in World War II; But following the expansion of the war in the eastern fronts, Iran's neutrality was violated and this country was occupied by the Allies. Regarding the incident of Shahrivar 1320 and the foreign policy of Iran and its allies, many documents and research works have been published; However, it is necessary to investigate the unknown and obscure aspects of this important event. Considering such a vacuum, the purpose of this article is to analyze and explain the hidden angles of Iran's military policy against the occupation policy of the Allies in World War II. According to such a goal, the question that is raised is whether the Iranian government followed a specific military policy beyond its official policy against the occupation of Iran by the allies? What were the components of this policy and how successful was it? The findings of the research show that the government of Iran, in parallel with the abandonment of hostilities and the policy of military surrender imposed by the military superiority of the Allies on Iran, had also adopted a minimal military policy, the purpose of which was to preserve the structure of the army and the military achievements of the Reza Shah period in order to preserve Internal order and security and dealing with threats from foreign enemies and threats from neighbors; Because in case of resistance, the Allies would fear disbanding the army. The research method in this article is the post-objective method.

Occupation of Iran in Shahrivar 1320 by the Allies, it faced important security and law enforcement challenges. According to the Allies, Khuzestan was considered one of the most important and strategic areas in the process of occupation. British forces attacked Khuzestan from the very beginning of the war with Iran, and after crushing the resistance of the army in this area, Khuzestan was captured by the Allies. The allied attack had many negative consequences in this region. The aim of the current research is to investigate the negative consequences of the presence of the Allies in Khuzestan. This article aims to answer the question of what were the security and law enforcement consequences of the occupation of Khuzestan in the Second World War with the method of library research and descriptive-analytical writing and using sources and documents. The results of this research indicate that with the intervention of the British in the administration of security-police affairs of the province and the reduction of the power of the army and the police force, social violence such as murder and looting increased in this province; Also, the efforts of a number of nomadic leaders to gain power in Khuzestan, along with the interference of the British among the tribes and nomads, caused rebellions in Khuzestan that had a centrifugal character.From then on the activity of Tudeh party increased in Khuzestan .

After the occupation of Iran in World War II, Lorestan was located in one of the main corridors of the railway and the routes of Shoseh north to Jeno, the location of Souq Al-Jishi (adjacent to Kermanshah, Iraq, Khuzestan, and the north of the country) and the presence of clans with capacity Dissatisfaction with the central government was noticed by the occupiers. The presence of foreign military forces in Lorestan quickly caused disturbances and unfortunate consequences from the economic and social points of view.In this review, we will discuss why and how the allied military forces entered the Lorestan region and also study the consequences of their presence from an economic and social point of view. The results of the research show that after the defeat of the Lorestan mixed brigade (subordinate to the 6th division of Khuzestan) and the occupation of Khuzestan, the allied forces entered the region from the south of Lorestan without resistance. The presence and operations of these forces gradually caused insecurity, lack of food, famine, inflation, and disruption in education in some areas of the region. These issues had long-term effects on the lives of cities and villages. 

The Allied occupation of Hamedan in World War II had several social, economic, and cultural consequences. The cultural-educational activities of the region underwent temporary and fleeting changes during this period, and the effects of the war caused conditions such as the fragmentation of cultural activists' programs, the stagnation of press activity, the stagnation in the performance of literary associations, and the decline of activity. Cinema and theater, the suspension of formal education in schools and the closure of some of them in Hamedan. The subject of this research is the study of the cultural consequences of World War II in Hamedan. The present study has a descriptive-analytical method and approach and the information has been collected in a library-documentary manner based on existing reports. This research seeks to answer the question of what were the consequences and effects of the outbreak of World War II and the occupation of Hamedan on the cultural situation in the region and what were the causes of these consequences? The findings of this study show; Most of the cultural-educational consequences were unstable and limited to the occupation of Hamedan, which was gradually revived with the evacuation of the city by the Allies. These negative consequences in the field of culture and education were among the short-term consequences of the war. During the war, the first priority of the people was to meet economic needs, and cultural and educational needs were not considered a priority of the people at that time.

Iran's strategic position has always been the focus of world powers; But in the twentieth century, with the discovery of oil and the exploitation of vast oil reserves, this attention doubled. Especially since the Allies, such as Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States, sought to gain access to this vast resource and, by concluding various contracts, amassed vast fortunes. Therefore, one of the significant issues in the field of contemporary history of Iran, especially since the time of the Constitution, is that with the establishment of the parliament as a legislative body in the country, this institution to counter the policies of the ruling system, what is its reaction in It was equal to events such as the oil industry and oil contracts. The purpose of this article is to explain the position of the 14th National Assembly in the nationalization of the oil industry, and the main question is how the 14th National Assembly and the oil negotiations prepared the ground for the nationalization of the oil industry? The findings of the present study show that after the dictatorship of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the National Assembly came closer to its real position from the fourteenth period onwards and the deputies were able to move in a relatively open political atmosphere in the face of important events in the country, including the crisis, Oil concessions and alienating the Allies from it, to take a free stand.

The transfer of power from Reza Shah to Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, which took place after the Allied invasion of Iran, caused a lot of damage to the country. The army and its main pillar (duty soldiers) were affected by this incident like other parts of the society and could not fulfill their historical duty of defending the homeland. However, considering the importance and necessity of the existence of the army and permanent soldiers as a tool for exercising authority and suppressing possible opposition in authoritarian governments, the political and military men in Foroughi's cabinet, Qavam and Sohaili, encouraged the institution of the army. Revival and duty system law should be amended and implemented. Investigating this incident is the subject of the present research. This article analyzes the situation of the army and the government's measures to revive it and re-enforce the conscription law in the beginning of the 1940s, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on documents, negotiations and laws of the parliament and memories. The main question of the article is, what were the requirements and foundations for the revival of the conscription law after the removal of Reza Shah? The findings show that although the army took a passive stance against the developments of September 1940, the government's need for permanent military forces and the existence of the army as a deterrent institution, a tool to deal with possible dangers and suppress insecurity, led to reform and implementation. Conscription and conscription became the law, and the cabinets of this period took many measures in order to revive and restore the army, military law and improve the condition of soldiers.

British invasion, the Soviet Union and American In 1320 (September 1941). In Iran And Reza Shah's abdication Leading to unwanted entry into the war was Different consequences in the political, economic, social and followed And the consequences of their practical effect quickly showed different aspects of community  In this study The dominance of foreign governments on agriculture and food As an example of this impact assessment is investigated This article analytical method And using archival documents Trying to answer the question of What were the consequences of the Allied presence on Iran's agricultural economy? Based on research findings Allied with the conclusion of the Tripartite Pact Their direct involvement in matters relating to agricultural fields provided and this intervention would disrupt the transport of goods, raising prices, reducing the supply of major products Zarei and the formation of multiple riots were bread.

The Allied occupation of Iran in World War II had several political, economic, social, and cultural consequences for Iran. One of these effects was the economic consequences that led to conditions such as famine and food shortages, inflation and recession, high prices, declining trade, and the closure of production centers. The subject of this research is the study of the economic consequences of World War II in Hamedan. In conducting this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used and information has been collected in a library-documentary manner based on existing reports. This research seeks to answer the question of what were the economic consequences and effects of World War II and the occupation of Hamedan on this region? The findings of the present study show; Numerous factors have played a role in the economic problems of the region during the war and most of these consequences have been short-term and unstable and limited to the occupation of Hamedan. Due to the unfavorable economic situation of Hamedan during the years 1325-1320 was considered as an objective and tangible consequences of the war, solving these problems has been a priority for the people of the region. The outbreak of World War II in the economic field not only had many negative and destructive consequences for the region, but also had positive results such as the construction and improvement of communication routes, the establishment of repair centers, especially military vehicles, and master training. Keywords: Hamedan, World War II, Allies, Economic Consequences.

The World War II (1939-1945 AD) created special conditions in different parts of Iran. One of these parts was Fars province that due to its proximity to the Persian gulf and oil resources, the impact of war on Fars Province was inevitable. In addition to, political conflicts between tribe and central government and the weakness of central government caused major losses to the state. This study seeks to improve the investigation of social, economic and political impacts of Fars in World War II. On this basis, the main question of research is that, what was the impact of World War II and the allies on Fars agriculture, transportation and the health? The research seeks to demonstrate the impact of allied invasion on Fars Province during World War II, based on documents local newspapers and first- hand sources. Findings of research indicate that Fars province has experienced unfavorable conditions during the war in three sectors of agriculture (lack of cereal and low quality bread), health (occurance of disease and deficiency of medicine and physician) and transportation (failure to secure roads and smuggling) due to intervention of allies, especially British. This paper is organized on the basis of descriptive-analytical method.

World War I began on July 28, 1914, eight days after the coronation of Ahmad Shah Qajar, at a time when Iran was experiencing unprecedented chaos in contemporary history. The spring of the constitution and the National Assembly had ended with the tyranny of Mohammad Ali Shah, and the various groups involved at the local and national levels had left little to be desired. It had practically turned Iran into a Khan Khani government. The government could not collect taxes and the treasury was becoming more empty every day.Given the importance of accurate knowledge of the situation in Iran on the eve of World War I, the present study is a library method, based on valid documents and a descriptive, analytical approach to try to get a clear picture of the situation in Iran on the eve of World War I and the impact of war. Offer on Mashhad trade. Clarifying the social situation of Iran during the war years are some of the other results of the research. The purpose of research is to explain and study the situation in Iran on the eve of World War I. ; Iran's turmoil on the eve of war and power struggle, the decline in trade in eastern Iran and the decline in Iranian customs revenue are among the results of the study.

The occupation of Iran in September 1941, and the escape of the military and the dissolution of the Iranian army, regardless of its military and political consequences, was a blow to the image of Reza Shahi's army formed in public opinion. The uniformed army, which had been able to extensively suppress all dissident domestic groups and local movements, now collapsed strangely in the face of a foreign enemy. Understanding this failure is one of the most important questions in contemporary Iranian history. It seems that this issue should be sought in the sultanism nature of the first Pahlavi government. Therefore, the main question of this research is "How did the sultanism nature of the government pave the way for its defeat in September 1941?" To investigate this issue, using the descriptive-analytical method and collecting data by means of library research, it was found that the influence of the monarchical nature of the government on the decision-making system, military functions, and a lack of understanding of the international system, led to the defeat of the army in September 1941 before any serious confrontation. In other words, by nature, an army that like other parts of the government managed all its general and particular affairs "under the command of the monarch" could not resist the foreign enemy.

During World War II, the port of Bushehr was occupied During World War II, the port of Bushehr was occupied by the allies, like the rest of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea.‌ Throughout the war (1320-1324), Bushehr was the scene of a strong presence of English, Indian, and especially American agents.‌ The Allies aimed to send Soviet aid to all the military, economic infrastructure of the port.‌ The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of World War II on the port of Bushehr in a chronological process relying on largely unpublished archival records and public, economic publications.‌ And the locality of the time is.‌ The data set shows that despite the importance of Bushehr, the economic role of economists compared to previous periods, especially late Qajar and early Pahlavi move regressed show.‌ As the end of the war draws nearer, its negative consequences are more pronounced on Bushehr.‌ The adverse effects of several years after the end of World War II also affected the entire economic and social structure of Bushehr.‌ Accordingly, Bushehr suffered a lot of social and economic damage in the challenge with the presence of a large number of foreign elements, and the process of degrading its position was accelerated. In this article, the researcher has tried to answer the following question: How did the consequences of World War II in a time process affect the deterioration of the economic situation of Bushehr port? In the end, it is concluded that the Second World War directly affected all aspects of domestic and foreign trade in Bushehr port and the resulting financial and social unrest, causing imbalances in various economic layers and severely weakening its position in Iran and the shores of the Persian Gulf.

With the start of World War I, despite Iran's Expression of neutrality by Ahmad Shah Qajar, Iran involve in War and some of Iran's cities occupied by the forces of Russia, England and Ottoman Empire. Among the occupied territories, Azerbaijan and the city of Urmia and environs crashed Deep due to ethnic Variety, religious diversity, and differences in the way of life. The purpose of this article to review and analyze the performance of the Iran government in controlling the Urmia crisis. This research tries to answer the question by studying the causes of the crisis in Urmia that: What did The Qajar government do to Control the crisis in Urmia and what was the result of those actions? Findings of The research show that the Qajar government tried to control the crisis the through of negotiations with the occupying powers to withdraw forces from Azerbaijan, dispatch the crown prince to Tabriz and changing the governors of Urmia, but due to the central government weakness, the growing financial crisis, and the lack of available military force Could not have achieved a crisis management. The method of this research is a historical one with an analytical descriptive approach

The occupation of Iran by the Allies in August 1941 encounters the country with a growing social crisis. Iran came to the scene of Allied intervention in the life of Iranians. The emergence of social anomalies, such as murder, plunder, rape, estate seizure, and property confiscation by foreign military forces in the occupied areas,led the social space of the country to insecurity. Enjoying capitulations during the occupation, the Allies were immune from thepersecution and punishment of the foreign offenders by Iranian government. The decrease ofcentral government influence and the weakness of military and police forces caused the emergence of domestic insurgents and the rebellion of tribes in the south and west of the country. The agriculture economy, industry, internal an international trade were damaged. Agriculture, which was a major part of the country's economy and had been attracted the most labor forces, suffered a decline in production and caused widespread unemployment. Reducing production and increasing demand for public foodstuff due to sending supplies to Soviet Union, the presence of a large number of foreign forces and the arrival of Polish immigrants, caused a shortage of basic items such as wheat in many parts of Iran.

Because of the economic problems caused by the World War II, the government of Iran hired Dr. Arthur Millspaugh as the head of Finance Organization on November 12th, 1942, to carry out the economical reforms. One of the problems Millspaugh encountered to perform his duties, was the issue of transportation, particularly the shortage of cars and suitable tires. Intensive supervision of private and public cars, the establishment of the supplier institution, reorganization of the cargo handling organization, was among his efforts to resolve the problems. However, none of the reforms was effective. The present article used the documents of the National Archives, the documents of the Documentation Center, the diplomatic history of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ettelaat newspaper (1942-1945), and parliamentary negotiations to address the issue under investigation. It implemented analytical –descriptive approach to investigate the problems of transportation at that time and Millspaugh’s efforts to solve them. Our main question is why Millspaugh failed to fix the country's transport problems? Our hypothesis is that Allied military needs to transportation, left Millspaugh reforms ineffective.

Britain and Soviet Union during the Second World War, jointly invaded and occupied Iran, Then coerced Reza shah to abdicate and live in exile. They as Allies soon formed a Puppet government in Iran and imposed the tripartite pact, intervening in domestic affaires with breach of sovereignty and amity.
Under these circumstances, they set up diverse lockups to detain Iranians from various strata, presumably in charge of supporting Germany but, in fact, it was a pretext to prevent the anti-Britain and soviet personalities to attain parliamentary position. They also attempted to suppress the anti Britain and anti- soviet media and the various new and old opponents from Press, the Army, and Road administration and keep them in isolation. The also detained some groups from the Railways for their access to the Allie's secret and strategic information regarding the military vehicles, arms volume and vital straits and passages.

With the fall of Reza Shah in September of 1941, lack of grain was the main problem of some cities in Iran. The causes of this problem were the presence and occupation of the country by the Allies, and hoarding wheat by the hoarder. Ghazvin was amongst the cities which encountered with the bread crises due to the mentioned reasons. The main issue of the present research was descriptive-analytical consideration of bread crisis process in the city and the gained result shows that concerning the peak of bread crisis in 1942, people were in severe hardship and that situation led to negative consequences. In order to control the crisis the government paid attention to provide the breads coupon, but the bread quality was very low because some uneatable materials were added to the dough by bakers. Some other solutions were carried out to control the crisis in the country during 1943 and 1944. Import of wheat from abroad, preparing programs to increase the wheat production and seed improvement, issuance of grain and bread regulations in order to prevent hoarding of wheat were amongst the solutions which controlled the crisis. Meanwhile, people’s complaints of shortage and expensiveness of bread and authorities’ efforts to contain the crisis played an important role in accelerating the termination process of crisis. The reports indicated a decrease in bread price in Ghazvin since mid 1943.