جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « rationality » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

since the beginning of human creation, the discussion has been one of the most effective methods in expressing openinos and ideas. This development continued for the transfer of votes and ideas until at the age of Imam Reza, given the political and cultural conditions and the emergence of different sects and religions, Mamoon continued to hold talks and discussions about the prosperity of these circles. According to these description and Islamic source data, we are seeking answer to this question regarding the causes of the existence of open cultural space by Khalifa al-Abbasi, how was Imam-Reza able to admit the right opinion in the debate on the other side. This research is based on descriptive-analytical way to answer this question. The results of the study indicate that, due to the value of Mamoon to the owners of religions and beliefs the establishment of translation movement and the rise of empowering group, there was a good opportunity for Imam Reza to relying on his strategic features of rationality logic as well as individuals, and to persuade them to accept the truth.

Mysticism and Sufism are among the phenomena that have been influential in the fields of theory and social changes. They are considered as influential factors on Islamic civilization and different approaches have been adopted about them. In this research, three general approaches are presented for the phenomena of Mysticism and Sufism. The first approach considers the basis and essence of Islamic civilization as Sufism and Gnosticism, and interprets the foundations of Islamic civilization from the beginning to the present based on this idea. The second approach believes in the impossibility of establishing political and civilizational thoughts based on Sufism and Mysticism and considers this to be the main reason for the closure of reason and the decline of Islamic thought and civilization. The third approach regards the mystical stream as one of the most important factors leading to the development of Islamic civilization.

Criticism is an assessed aspect and the main essence of historical knowledge whosemeticulousenactment guarantees the renovation of the past، based on valid narrations. In fact، benefiting from advantages of history،as an epistemological resource، dependson trustworthiness of the data and the credibility of the incidents. The historian، for assessing the credibility of historical evidence and proof، needs somecriticizing instruments to provide him/herwith true and direct criteriaofrecognition and exploration. Considering the importance of the issue of historical criticism، the present article aims at introducing a number of efficient criticizing instruments in this field، and assessing their capabilitiesin reading texts and investigatingtheirdegree of authenticity and validity. This study indicates thebeyond-disciplinary nature of historical criticism and the important role it plays in interdisciplinary interactions in history. In this paper، examples of scientific achievements like chemistry، geology (in issueslike age assessment، historiography of historicalmaterials)، Hadith (rules and laws related to preferences، adjustments and so on)، Logic (principles related to error assessment and the issue of sophistries) have been selected as they have applications in historical criticism so that the explanation of the discussed issues would be accomplished convincingly.