جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بنیادگرایی مذهبی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Due to its diasporic features and being 'in-between' competing Pakistani-American discourses, Mohsin Hamid (1971--)'s The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007) has the potential to deconstruct the dominant perceptions about influential incidents like the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. The major concept which is dislodged in this novel is the paradigm shift which occurs in the West and especially the United States after the event. The United States claims that its strategic alteration toward the Muslim immigrants in the post 9/11 era is a reaction against the fundamentalism and terrorism engendered by them; whereas, Hamid's critical reading against the grain, regards the post 9/11 alterations in the reception of Muslim migrants as anterior to the global fundamentalism and terrorism, rather than posterior to them. Put differently, the marginalized and oft-neglected narrative of a Muslim migrant author of the post 9/11 tumults, recognizes the United States as the origin of the global fundamentalism and terrorism and not the victim of them as widely claimed. The redefinition of this change in American policies in post 9/11 is depicted through the perspective of Changez, the novel's protagonist. He is a Muslim Pakistani young man, a Princeton graduate, and employed by a prosperous economic company. Hamid's redefinition of the post 9/11 paradigm shift is investigated along three axes and three important binary oppositions are deconstructed in his novel; the cosmopolitan/nationalist United States, the religious/ economic fundamentalism, and the military/economic terrorism.

The present article explains the role of various factors in the rise of fundamentalism inPakistanat the domestic, regional and international levels. For this purpose, and in order to describe the subject more accurately, the general systems theory has been used as the theoretical framework. Having defined the fundamentalism by using the descriptive - analytic method, we have investigated the domestic, regional and international factors influential in shaping this phenomenon. The findings of this article show that the unfavorable political, social, economic and cultural conditions ofPakistan, together with the role of Islam in the developments of the country are among the most important domestic factors in the emergence of the phenomenon of fundamentalism inPakistan. The establishment of the religious schools and the growth of radical ideas after the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan, together with the issue of Kashmir and the financial support of Saudi Arabia for the extremist groups and the injection of the ideology of the Vahhabi Sunnis into the minds of the Afghan and Pakistani Sunni youths are among the influential factors for the increasing growth and expansion of the extremism in the region. At the international level, the presence of the West, and on top of them the United States, in Afghanistan and Pakistan on the pretext of fighting against the Russians, followed by their support for the Taliban, has played a crucial role in the spread of extremism as well; moreover, after the event of the September 11, the change in the America's policy towards the Taliban with the intent of confronting with them has had a critical role in the fundamentalist groups’ tendency to violence in Pakistan.