جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « رمانتیسم اجتماعی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

The connection between Iran and Transoxiana goes back to the history of their formation. Simultaneously, with the establishment of the Safavid government in Iran and the Shaybanids in Uzbek Khanate in Bukhara in the 10th century AH, the common political destiny between Iran and this region was separated from each other, but the cultural relations of these two regions continued until the period of Soviets and the formation of the Soviet Union. The separation of the two regions reached its peak by forming new geography and changing the Persian script to the Cyrillic and Latin in the second language in the newly established Republic of Tajikistan. The anti-cultural policies of the Soviet government continued with power during the time of Lenin and Stalin; But with Stalin's death and Khrushchev's coming to power in 1953, little by little the space was prepared for the reconnection between the people of both sides of Oxus, and the ground was provided for returning to the common roots among them. From now on, in Tajik poetry, we observe themes that have no history before. This process became stronger during Gorbachev's era (1985), until the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of Tajikistan (1991), the period of real Tajik poetry revival began.

The authors' method in this research is a descriptive analysis based on the principles of the social romanticism school, which has been done for the first time after analyzing the entire poetic heritage of Golrokhsar in this regard. The analysis of poems through the literary schools and the recognition of its common features help us to better understand the contemporary poetry of Persian speakers. The study of contemporary Tajik poetry began after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the creation of common cultural ties between Iran and Tajikistan with the publication of works on the overall state of Tajikistan and its poem And in recent years, researches were conducted on its prominent poets, but the study of social romanticism in contemporary Tajik poetry and Golrokhsar Safieva is unprecedented. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the factors and contexts of the emergence of social romanticism in contemporary Tajik poetry and analysis and categorization of social romanticism in poetry of Golrokhsar Safieva to determine which of these effects and aspects in the poet’s poem is highlighted and have played a more prominent role in the formation process of his individuality.

discussion and review:

The issue of this study is recognition of the factors and fields of social romanticism in contemporary Tajik and Golrokhsor Safieva. Tajikistan and its turbulent history during the Soviet era, the developments of contemporary Tajik poetry and its familiarity with the prolific Russian literature, the political and economic factors governing Tajikistan during this period made the poetry of this period a suitable platform for the emergence of social romanticism. All these factors under political factors (councils and socialist realism trend, World War II, formation of new geography in the region and civil war in Tajikistan), economic and social factors (poverty and corruption ruling the society, injustices and giving many privileges to The Soviet Union, the single-productization of Tajikistan) and intellectual and cultural factors (the movement of educationists and modernists, attack on the Persian script and language, attack on religion and religious principles and familiarity with Russian literature) were investigated and their connection with the rise of social romanticism was analyzed. After analyzing these factors, social Romanticism was investigated in flower Golrokhsar poem. In her poems, Safieva goes through the stage of romantic individuality and personal concerns (individual romanticism) and deals with collective and public issues and problems (social romanticism).This is the characteristic of most of the poems written during this period; So that it can be claimed that this current is one of the main contemporary Tajik poetic flows, which started with Mumin Qanoat and Bozor Sobir, Layeq Sherali and Golrokhsar continued it in their poetic heritage. The main effects of social romanticism in Golrokhsar were studied in seven sections:The country of honor and the nation of the sun: nationalism and patriotic themes poets of national pains: protesting the political, economic and social situation The religion of love and purity: moral principles and values sadness irreligion: religion and beliefs In search of self: self-knowledge and self-awareness Missing women: issues and problems of women spring courier: hope and idealism The socio-political situation of Tajikistan and its complaints and criticism, and attention to nationalist concepts are more evident in his poems. In all his poems, the poet creates a deep nostalgic feeling in his audience towards the homeland by taking refuge in ethnic and national memories, and by focusing on this issue, he reaches individuality.

Knowing the factors and fields affecting the emergence of social romanticism in contemporary Tajik poetry helps to better understand the contemporary poetry of this land. The analysis of poetry and the poet's intellectual system based on the principles of social romanticism determined that Golrokhsar is one of the most prominent contemporary Tajik poets in this field. In most of his poems, he has social and public concerns, which he has presented in a romantic format. Golrokhsar’s poetry is based on two foundations: the external nature and the internal world, and this has caused his poems to be both romantic and committed to people and society. Based on the results of the analysis and categorization of social romanticism in his collection of poetry, it was found that the poet's attention is focused more on the fate of society and politics and criticism of it, homeland and geographical, historical and cultural aspects and nationalistic themes.

Shamloo, the head of the white poetry, is an Iranian writer and translator. Shamloo’s poetry can be analyzed based on various aspects, especially literary schools. Although there have been so many inspections in Shamloo’s poetry on the matter of romantic elements; there has not been any analysis or deliberation in Shamloo’s poetry based on social romanticism. This query quests the most important characteristics of social romanticism; like: humanism, lyricist mentality; also addresses the social theorems, together with the nationalism and symbolist nature in social and political concepts with a descriptive, analytical and quantitative evaluation. The frequency of lyricist mentality, dealing with the social theorems and symbolist nature is continuously reflected in Shamloo’s poetry. Humanism also grabs the attentions in Shamloo’s viewpoints. Shamloo was dedicated to the whole world, so nationalism has no serious place in his poems; because Shamloo never had limited himself to his motherland. All in all, through Shamloo’s romantic poems, 174 poems (about 40/86 percent) can be found in social romantic concept and among these poems, 59 ones (about 33/90 percent) have humanist viewpoints; besides the other 11 ones (6/32 percent) that have nationalist perceptions.

literary romanticism romanticism at the beginning of a revolt against the rules of the school of rationalist classicism that established the school of the Renaissance and the period of rationalism in Europe, was considered. Thinkers and artists of this tendency, restrictive and repressive culture's emphasis on reason and the human spirit knew components such as art, passion, excitement, imagination, spiritual themes, rituals and symbols emphasized. Iran era, in the wake of developments and changes partly political and social structure, literature was influenced by this event. Poets of this era with the release of classicism school, they tend to modernity and rationalism to the disgust of his poems were word for word. Poet of the era with a critical approach to the realities of trying to highlight problems and aims to challenge society heterogeneities. to eliminate inequalities and instability of the solutions proposed.

The school of romanticism emerged as a dialectical reaction to classicism and neoclassicism in the eighteenth century and it was influenced by philosophical, political and social factors of its age. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on individualism, the freedom of imagination, the sincerity of emotions and also the attempts to reach the transcendent truth, discernible beyond the scientific reality. Along with the formation of literary renaissance in Iran, many academians and literary traditionalists introduced modern literature as an imitation of the west in form of translations of western schools, including romanticism. Such an idea has been consolidated by the lack of valid and reliable literary research in the following decades. The current study has indicated that the interpretation of romanticism in Iran has been influenced by neglecting some of its essential characteristics, debasing its components from its philosophical and epistemological context and by inaccurate renditions of some of its core concepts. As literary schools contain conceptualized and structured components, literary research in Iran has seemingly employed this accessible structure in studying literary trends. Consequently, this has led to incomplete and even erroneous understanding of the trends of contemporary literature, due to focusing on sole descriptions of such elements as love and nature, without considering Persian literary traditions.

Persian literature turned to romanticism in the early twentith century. This has been affected by French romantic works and fotunate intellectual and social atmosphere that prepared conditions for such a mood. Also, this can be seen in Nima's poetry and his followers as well as some of the traditionalist poets. Siyavash Kasraei is one of the contemporary capable poets whose most poems obey the principles of romanticism school. In this study that is done in a descriptive and content analysis method, social romanticism principles, content approaches, and the most important revolutionary socialist poetic stream in Kasraei's poetry has been analysed and criticized. The romanticism of Rezakhan's era was basically a social romanticism. The authors in this study found that the main representations of social romanticism in Kasraei's poetry include: idealistic attachment in freedom and revolution, hope of bright horizon and realistic future, sympathy with the poor and their sufferings, patriotism and nationalism and focusing on the gone glory of Iran, looking for a romantic hero and admiring him/her. Accordingly, Kasraei can be considered as one of the most brilliant representatives of realistic national-political and revolutionary modern poetry of the 1950s and 1960s in Iran.

Parvin E''tesami is one of the famous outstanding Persian poets of the constitutional era and also the reign of Pahlavi I who composed her poems based on Persian classical literature with moral contents and new political and social themes in the field of didactic literature. Under the influence of European newfangled intellectuals، Romanticism formed during 18th century and devided into different branches of thought entering other parts of the world، when social-political changes made Classicism to be declined in western countries. During the constitutional era، following the political changes and the social developments occurred in Iran، Literature – especially the poetry، as the main cultural medium of the period was deeply influenced by the process. The effect is manifested in Parvin’s poetry as a criticism on injustices، taking the rights of the oppressed of her society، paying attention to the rights of women and to show her political protest. Accordingly، the present research has been accomplished to study the social poems in Parvin’s poetry to make the influence of romanticism on her poem through an analytic approach.