جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "احمد اکبرپور" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

Stories that are told to teenagers are one of the referable resources for them to better understand the accepted frames of society .These works can also increase their decision-making ability to solve the challenges of entering youth and adulthood. This research is a descriptive-analytical research using David Howarth`s social discourse analysis and Erving Goffman`s theory, analyzes and examines the novel by the Eperatoore Kalamat by Ahmad Akbarpour. Selecting theories about social and sociological discourse analysis is why it is possible to properly analyze the position a writer holds for adolescents. In the opinion of the author of the novel, because adults have more awareness and experience than adolescents are allowed to set paths for teenagers. But in order to follow this path, it is necessary to gain the trust of the teenager by giving him partial decisions and asking him for opinion. These novel describe teenage problems with older adults and adult mistakes in treating teenagers, but they know the key to the communication between these two age groups in the hands of adults and the behavior of teenagers completely dependent on the behavior of older people around them.

IntroductionMannheim believes that democracy is not only political, but also cultural and has its own specific characteristics. According to Mannheim, a democratic culture indicates fundamental features of reduction of distance which means to remove the qualitative distance and or in other words recognizing of the differences.
This feature results in the literature, such as emergence of individuality, Decline of Author role, Narration of his/her life, Remove the Gender stereotypes.
We can analyses New Era works for Children and Adolescents by this Approach for different reasons. ”Emperor of Words” by Ahmad Akbarpour-which work chosen-is one of the works who can be analyzed by this perspective, Therefore, in this paper, we can analyses the Characteristics that make Reduction of distance in the Novel.
MethodologyThis research is based upon descriptive method and qualitative content analysis. In the beginning, concepts and components of Mannheim theories have been explained and categorized, and then the story named The Emperor of Words, written by Ahmad Akbarpour, has been criticized based on these components. In this way, the core question that which components of democratic culture and ways of Reduction of distance have been used by the writer, is answered.
DiscussionIn the Mannheim view, distance have two forms:1) vertical distance that means qualitative differences between individuals, objects and concepts; and 2) horizontal distance that means differences which are not qualitative and dont give rise to existential superiority. He thinks that distance is not appeared lonely in the level of individual and group relationships, but also includes concepts and object that have cultural implications. Reduction of distance means transformation of vertical distances to horizontal distances. It's obvious that Mannheim's version of Reduction of distance realizes in the democratic culture that is based upon individuality. (Mannheim,2006:65-66)
Recognition of children implies a level of Reduction of distance between children/adolescents and adults that provides possibility for emergence of a literature that is equivalent to adult's literature. Then, appearance of such a literature in the world based on the democratic culture isnt accidental.
According to present epoch requirements, Ahamd Akbarpour in most of his works, including The Emperor of Words, has used modern and post-modern techniques. New children's and adolescent novels, usually include pluralism, subjectivism, unreliable narrators, multi-story sketches, and multi-endings. (Refer to :Nicolajeva, 2008: 533)These techniques provide possibility for emergence of the most elements of democratic culture and Reduction of distance .These democratic elements and Reduction of distance components in The Emperor of Words, as a selected sample children's literature, include:1. Transition from writer to story character: in this work, the writer is in the same status of heroes from the beginning and drawn into the story space. This endeavor begins from the introduction of work. In the following, too, he announces his presence in the story. He, contrary to realist writers, has not stand out of story that claims presentation of pure narrative from objective reality; but confined himself to internal logic of the story, by presence in it. So, with Reduction of distance from relationship between the writer and story characters, writer becomes a character that must accept story relations logic and cant act beyond this logic.(Refer to:Akbarpour,2013:90,93)
2. Effort for Reduction of distance from reality and story: one of considerable technique in this story is the Brechtian Reduction of distance technique that continuously reminds that the work is story. In the common sense, there is a distance between story and reality that put the story in the second priority. But, in this story, the distance between story world and reality world has been disappeared. The little girl (Suni) enters into the boy story and break down the borders.In return, the boy enters the girl story and encounters with story heroes. So, distances are broke down in other ways,(Ibid:13,34) and two worlds, i.e. the real world of boy and story world of Suni, put at the same level and merge into each other. But, work doesnt end in this point. This story spiral drags reality of the writers into the story, too.(Ibid:89-90)
3. Heroes individuality: the story has different characters that have their special traits and behave based on them. These distinguishing traits make the characters independent and different individuals. So, a horizontal distance is established between them and other persons.
4. Sexual Reduction of distance :Akbarpour in The Emperor of Words, with the selection of Suni character that is daring and norm-breaker, has dealt with sexual Reduction of distance . She eliminates the border lines in the first presence in the story.(Ibid:11) The writer explicitly calls Suni smart and experienced, in the process of Reduction of distance from sexual roles, and she joins with story boy hero as leader.(Ibid:31)
ConclusionDemocracy isnt lonely political, but it is a kind of culture. Democratic culture is based upon the specification of Reduction of distance .With appearance of this culture, a kind of literature emerges that one can call it the democratic culture.
Because of dealing with audiences that previously were always ignored, Children's and Adolescent Literature has a democratic dimension. Meanwhile, some children's and adolescent works show more democratic characteristics than others. These works present a new picture of today literature to audiences by various techniques. Novel named The Emperor of Words have considerable points in this regard.
This novel according to individuality of the story heroes, tries to represents horizontal distance between humane elements of the story. Also, with inclusion of the writer in story heroes, eliminates distance between the writer and heroes. This endeavor shows the narrative characters of the writer's life that annihilate his superior position in relation to the heroes. Akbarpour extends Reduction of distance to sexuality sphere too, and with representation of a non-stereotypes picture of girl story hero, completes the Reduction of distance cycle.

Ahamad Akbarpour's novel, Im not My Dad's Servant, is a significant work of Iranian children and young adult literature though it has not gained critic's favor. In this paper, we analyze this novel using Bourdieu’s theory of symbolic violence. Symbolic violence is fundamentally the imposition of cultural and social domination upon social agents in order to confirm that individual's placement in a social hierarchy. In this novel, the process of symbolic violence is described as a kind of transformation from childhood to adulthood. The novel demonstrates the failure of “School” in implementation of this transformation. We underline a reading of the novel that contains a critical view about the institution of education.

Ahmad Akbarpour (1970) is an Iranian writer of children’s and young adults’ fiction who has been highly influential in the domain of Iranian modern children’s literature due to his postmodern narrative style. He has published many novels in which there always exists an interesting relationship between the writer and the characters. The issues of power and empowerment play a very important role in everyday life. The adults are likely to impose their dominancy over the children using all their power either by punishment or other familiar ways. The writers of children's literature-mostly being adults themselves-include these issues in their works. However, there are some writers who sometimes try to break the hierarchical power relationship between adults and children in order to empower the children. In this paper, the researchers have used Elisheva Sadan's theory of empowerment mentioned in her, Empowerment and Community Planning: Theory and Practice (2004), and have applied this theory to Akbarpour’s three works: I Am Not Dad’s Servant (Man Nokar-e Baba Nistam), Ghoul and the Bicycle (Ghul va Docharkhe) and The Southern Dreams (Royahaye Jonubi). Finally, the paper introduces some empowering tactics that Akbarpour has employed.

In this paper different aspects of narrativity are analyzed in a new story by Ahmad Akbarpour entitled "Se Sut-e Jadui" (Three Magical Whistles), using Maria Nikolajeva’s theory of narrative. In 2003 Nikolajeva presented some views about narratology in children's literature showing preference for this theory as an independent approach. In this theory her focus is on narrative and its elements like characterization, point of view and temporality which organize narrative structure of children's stories. The findings of this paper show that Akbarpour has added to the attractiveness of his story by using new techniques which Nikolajeva has pointed out such as open plot and description of scenes and details. Although Akbarpour has tried to create a different story, he has not been completely successful because the monotonous tone of characters and prevalence of narrator decrease the power of his story and do not allow positive features to be revealed.

A study the "Implied Reader" is one of the best approaches to analyze the works in children resistance literature. Chambers believes that we need to recognize children as a “reader” in children’s stories. This paper used Chamber's theory to analyze "the implied reader in the book", in three stories of A. Akbarpour which were based on war (If I were a pilot, Good night Commander! And The Heavenly Frame). With this approach, some significant issues could be understood such as the characteristics of the implied reader in these stories, aware or unaware view of the writer toward the children, and finally the reasons of the popularity of some special works. The finding revealed that the writer tried to picture new experiences of the holy war by approaching the children’s different world. letting children participate in the events of the story and accompanying them, he create a situation in which children could take part in the creation of the story and have great impact on the events related to this war.

In order for the thoughts of the reader within the book to be formed, two people are necessary to say something and that the writer, in order to reveal his intended meaning creates certain relationships with the reader within his text. When the writer starts the narration, s/he considers a reader/listener called patterned by Umberto Eco; the patterned reader is a picture of an imaginary reader created by the writer in order to arrange his ideas. Aidan Chambers believes that in order to find this reader who he calls "the implied reader in the book", it is necessary to consider the child as the reader in the book, not outside it. Chambers suggests that to find this implied reader "in the book" and his/her characteristics, some features such as style, point of view and empty spaces for the reader to participate in creating elements of the story must be analyzed. This paper uses Chamber's theory to analyze three stories of Akbarpour which have been popular in the past years (That Night's Train, Emperor of Words and I 'm not My Father's Servant).