جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "اقتدار" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

This study is based on Van Leeuwen’s theory of legitimacy to show how proverbs can legitimize or derive legitimacy from a discourse. The research method is descriptive-analytical and is based on Leeuwen’s components such as authorization, moral evaluation, rationalization, and mythmaking. The statistical population is Twelve Thousand Persian Proverbs and Thirty Thousand Equivalents written by Ebrahim Shakurzadeh Bolouri. The sample size is three thousand Persian proverbs that have been selected from this book based on the systematic random sampling method. The results show that among the legitimation processes, the evaluation components have the highest range with a total of 380 proverbs. This seems to be due to the importance of evaluation as well as the human tendency to evaluate. The results also indicate that proverbs in discourse are used for various purposes such as persuading the audience and legitimizing or deriving legitimacy from a discourse.

In the Sufi tradition, wayfaring in the realm of the way requires a guru who can guide the wayfarer through the obstacles and in the discovery and understanding of mystical knowledge and the experience of truth. Many books, which deal with the rites of this spiritual journey and conduct, have emphasized the necessity of the presence of the guru and the commitment of the disciple to follow him. In this guidance and leadership, a discourse is made between the guru and the disciple. A discourse that the guru tries to guide the disciple by maintaining a discipline to oblige the disciple to do it (rites of the way). Based on Michel Foucault’s theory of power discourse, the purpose of this article is to review the guru-disciple relationship and to evaluate the aspects of “subjugation” and “transformation” of the wayfarer from “known and free subject” to “subordinate and bound subject” in the Sufi culture. This article uses the discourse analysis method. The result of this authoritative discourse and the existence of “bound subjects” can be attributed to the lack of a polyphonic and dynamic culture in the Sufi tradition, guru-worship, and the formation of the ritual collection of “manners of pilgrimage of Sheiks’ shrines”.

Changes and evolutions in society, especially the family, are studied and explained based on various theories, including the theory of conflict. According to this theory, there are different attitudes and interests in a society and also different groups, that by power, order is created between them and social stability is provided; but ultimately the unequal distribution of resources will lead to struggle and conflict between them. The present research aims to interpret and analyze the evolutions of Iranian family in novels « Talar-e Ayeneh (The Mirror Hall)» by Amir Hossein Cheheltan, «Samphony-e Mordegan (Symphony of the Dead)» by Abbas Maroufi, and «Nimey-e Ghayeb (The Absent Half)» by Hossein Sanapour based on the conflict theory and using descriptive-analytical method. This study seeks to answer the following questions: What factors have caused conflict in Iranian families during different periods? What were the benefits of the conflict? What resources have the dominated groups used to liberate themselves? And what changes has this conflict caused in the family? The results show that first conflict and tension are created in the upper families of the society,and then the middle families and afterwards lower families.; These contradictions are due to the familiarity with modernity, and in the beginning, the character of the father played the role of agency in this field. But in the following, other members of the family, especially the son character, and then, the daughter and wife have protested against the existing order. The father benefits from the existing order and other family members are dominated by him. He has resourses such as power and wealth at his disposal to continue his dominance and the subordinated group have used resources and capitals such as socio-economic and cultural capitals to emancipate themselves. The father character seeks to maintain his power and authority in the family, and other members of the family seek individuality and independence. The conflict resulting from this situation has led to changes and evulations in the values and norms of the family, especially with regard to marriage, education, and occupation, and a new order has been formed with the collapse of the previous order of the family.

The present essay attempts to accomplish a Weberian reading of Marsha Norman’s Getting Out, ‘Night, Mother, and Third and Oak. The depicted status quo in the selected plays corresponds with the concept of conflict, propounded in Max Weber’s Economy and Society, which is the main concept of this study. Conflict which is a social phenomenon that occurs due to inequality in class, status, and power, can be found through the life of the characters. As class is associated with economy and status is associated with prestige, the level of prestige and economy and its relation to power are examined through the process of conflict. Through this process, while domination appears due to the power, it transforms to authority if its legitimacy happens out of the submission of the other part. This study tries to probe the inevitability of conflict, the reactions of the individuals through the process of conflict, the elements which have a role in this process, and also the types of authority that emerge due to the compliance of the subjects. Through the examination of the mentioned issues, the current study aims to see the different consequences of the conflict. While ‘Night, Mother and Third and Oak convey the negative aspect of the conflict, Getting Out depicts the positive one.

The occurrence of any changes in language, as one of the constituents of meaning in the text, leads to the creation of a new style and meaning. Metalinguistic function of language is one of its formal and semantic techniques. In meta-language, the text is written according to the language itself, thus the objectivity and materiality of the language are emphasized and some changes occur in its semantic field. The meta-language finds a higher significance in educational texts intended to induce a particular meaning. According to this linguistic arrangement, it has been tried in present paper to investigate the capacities, examples and formal functions of meta-language in Saadi Shirazi's masterwork, Gulistan, through a descriptive-analytic method based on the formalistic approach. The results show that the synonymous lexical and sentence substitution, the combination of poetry and prose, dialogue, allegory etc. are the most important examples of Meta-language in Gulistan, and, aesthetic functions, intertextuality, authority and monologue, and meaning consolidation are the most significant results of this technique

Hannah Arendt’s concept of power as the political philosopher of the twentieth century is completely different from the previous interpretations. Arendt believes that the interpretation of the concept of power is positive as Michel Foucault later affirms. She is like the philosophers who differentiate between the power and the violence. According to her power is not always negative. It depends whether it is exerted positively or negatively. This study، based on Arendt’s ideas about power، attempts to offer a socio-political reading of Shahnameh، hoping to present a new vision of Ferdowsi’s ideas and thoughts about the relationships between kings and warriors throughout those sections of Shahnameh known as the heroic parts، and their truly deserved positions. Finally this study aims to gain a better understanding of what Shahnameh is. Whether it is “a letter of kings”، “an epic of violence”، “an epic of justice”، “a tragedy of power” or “authority” as the word exactly means.