جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « الخطاب » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Communication is one of the most important theories of new linguistics, which was theorized by Roman Jakobson. He believes that every linguistic event consists of six elements, which are: Sender, receiver, message, code, context, communication channel. He has determined six functions for each element in transfering the message: emotivethat function that is related to the sender conative function that is related to the receiver poetiquethat function that related to the message itself,  phatique function that is related to the communication channel, referentielle functionthat is related to the context of the message, metalinguistique function that is related to the interpretation of language. One of the types of narration in the Quran is storytelling, which is one of the most important means of conveying the message to the audience. The present research was carried out with descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of investigating the six functions of Jakobson's theory of communication in the story of Moses and Khidr  (PBUH) in Surah Al- Kahf . The research problem is to examine the degree of conformity of the communication theory with the verses; Especially the Quranic discourse and the effect of this theory in a new interpretation of the Holy Quran. The results indicate that the story of Moses and Al-Khidr (PBUT) revolves around the topic of education and learning, and this issue is mostly realized through two-way communication between the teacher and the learner. Therefore, it is expected that the persuasive function will be more prominent compared to other functions. All the actions that Al-Khidr (PBUH) used to teach Moses about piercing the ship and killing the teenage boy and building the wall are considered a non-verbal behavior style.The combined verbal-behavioural style has also had the least use in the verses of the story, which can be seen in the speech of Moses (PBUH) in expressing the extreme fatigue and hunger caused by his long night journey. As it is evident, the adaptation of the verses in this story based on the theory of communication brings us a new interpretation in accordance with the requirements of the time and leads to a new and deep and unprecedented understanding of them.

Stylistics is one of the literary criticism methods for studying literary and linguistic phenomena to evaluate the aesthetic, semantic and psychological aspects of the text. This article has selected two Quranic dialogues by Zakaria and Maryam to characterize their stylistic aspects at the level of sound, music, words, phrases and meaning. The difference between superficial meanings of phrases and their deep, hidden meanings are determined, to check if the gender difference had linguistic and semantic influences on the speeches.The results indicate that, at the phonetic level, the two conversations use loud vowels repeatedly to create a kind of subtle phonetic connection. On syntactic and synthetic levels, in Maryam's conversation, the words are selected in a way to amplify peace of mind and reassurance, while avoiding false slander and impairing her modesty. She uses apologetic phrases accompanied by a kind of shame to absolve herself of the accusation. Regarding Zakaria's conversation, it can be said that words and phrases appropriate to his weakness and old age and complaining about not having a child are used in the form of prayer. In general, the sound of words and words and phrases used in these two conversations provide an accurate picture of the personality, moral and emotional characteristics of the two charactersKey Words: Stylistics, structure, semantics, Zakaria, Maryam Stylistics, as a discipline, delves into the analysis and interpretation of various textual works, drawing from the rich domains of linguistics and literature. With a critical lens, it seeks to unravel the intricate phenomena woven into these texts, exploring the complex interplay between form and meaning. By meticulously scrutinizing the methods of formulation and expression employed by authors, stylistics aims to unveil the underlying semantic, aesthetic, and psychological dimensions that shape the text's impact on the reader.At its core, stylistics recognizes the power of language and literary devices in conveying a writer's intended message and evoking a desired response. It goes beyond mere comprehension of the content and structure of a text and delves into the artful utilization of linguistic and literary elements. By closely examining the choices made in terms of word selection, sentence structure, figurative language, and rhetorical devices, stylistics sheds light on the deliberate craftsmanship employed by writers to create engaging and impactful works of literature.One of the defining characteristics of stylistics is its ability to uncover the prominent influences that shape a writer's creative process. It investigates the cultural, historical, and social factors that influence the choices made by authors, offering insights into the broader context in which the text was produced. Whether it be the influence of a specific literary movement, the impact of social norms and values, or the author's personal experiences, stylistics unveils the layers of inspiration that contribute to the formation of literary masterpieces.The present study embarks on a captivating exploration of two profound Quranic discourses attributed to the esteemed figures of Zakariya the Prophet and Mrs. Maryam (peace be upon them). These remarkable discourses are found within the noble verses of Surat Al-Imran and Surat Maryam, immersing readers in accounts of miraculous births. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, our research aims to establish clear and concise definitions of the terminologies central to our study. With this foundation, we delve into a comprehensive analysis of these discourses, meticulously examining their phonetic, syntactic, and semantic dimensions. Our ultimate goal is to unravel the congruence and divergence between the discourses in terms of subject matter and style. Additionally, we aim to identify the linguistic and artistic factors that contribute to these discernible distinctions. Through this meticulous analysis, we seek to unearth the stylistic choices, structural patterns, and vocabulary employed by the authors to convey their attitudes, ideas, and reactions toward the awe-inspiring phenomenon of miraculous childbirth.In delving deeper into the fabric of these discourses, our focus naturally turns toward the phonetic aspects that underpin their rhetorical power. We navigate the emotional and evocative role played by the nuanced timbre of the sounds employed, recognizing their profound impact on the overall tone and delivery. Furthermore, our study extends to encompass the lexical, syntactic, and semantic levels. By doing so, we aim to reveal the underlying disparities between the superficial and deep structures of the discourses. This extensive exploration brings to light the artistic characteristics of each speech, unveiling the hidden layers of meaning that lie dormant within their profound narratives. Moreover, our investigation emphasizes the influence of factors such as the differing locations and genders of the authors. By shedding light on these elements, we gain insights into how they contribute to the discernible distinctions and potential superiority of one discourse over the other in terms of linguistic structure, syntax, and semantics.One remarkable outcome arising from our meticulous research at the phonetic level is the recurrence of a motif reminiscent of the ebb and flow of a tide. This deliberate deployment of phonetic elements engenders a sense of harmonious coherence, bestowing a gentle rhythm that amplifies the inherent tenderness conveyed within the delivery of the discourses. This particular choice proves exquisitely fitting, considering the supplicatory nature characterizing each discourse. In her vulnerable state, Maryam unequivocally disavows the birth of a child, expressing profound terror and even daring to wish for death. To confront and repel the slander unjustly leveled against her by her people, she masterfully employs soft phrases, accompanied by a tone suggestive of modesty and grace. In stark contrast, Zakariya's speech adroitly adopts words and structures that perfectly align with his circumstances. He vocalizes his lamentation of physical weakness and graying hair, invoking a sense of heartfelt supplication. Through the deliberate repetition of supplications, Zakariya's deep longing for a son is unequivocally articulated, reflecting the profound depth of his desire.As we delve into the profound intricacies permeating these sacred texts, we are invited to marvel at the inherent artistry embedded within their narratives. Through the lens of stylistics, we develop a profound appreciation for the literary craftsmanship demonstrated by the author, while gaining a deeper understanding of the multifaceted layers of meaning that enrich their extraordinary narratives.

With the emergence of discourse analysis in the linguistic arena, critical discourse analysis entered linguistics as a modern method to study cultural and social changes. One of the critical discourse analysis methods is the Practical Discourse Analysis Method (PDAM). This method investigates the hidden and apparent layers of the text by analyzing the four layers of surface-surface, depth-surface, surface-deep, and deep-deep. The surface-surface layer is the uppermost layer of the text which has the external manifestation and consists of expressions, sentences, and terms. The deep-surface layer determines the reason behind the selection of a term, a special kind of combination and grammatical structure by the writer for the reader. The surface-deep layer is the uppermost layer of the depth of the text and is similar to interpretation. In the last layer (i.e. deep-deep), text production is studied in cultural and social structures. The present descriptive-analytical study attempts to analyze three Quranic stories that criticize the ignorant society using the PDAM method. Literature is one of the branches of art that has a crucial role in humanities and gentle feelings. Although people are very different in race, color, body structure, and other qualities, instincts, feelings, and tendencies are similar in all of them. A story can easily stimulate various ranges of human feelings and convince the person by self-awareness to give up moral vices by producing a proper pattern.The language of a story is a language by which the writer can express his purpose simpler and more explicitly because it is understandable for all people. The story is the most consistent form of language that occupy the mind and heart with persuasive messages. Quranic stories relate all kinds of human habits and manners to the repetition of human reactions at any place and at any time. Manners of arrogant people, enemies, pagans, idolaters, and resurrection deniers are such behaviors. Although Quranic stories are for religious guidance and learning, serving religious purposes does not prevent blurting artistic properties in narrating a story because one of the artistic withers of the Holy Quran is story narration.In the divine speech, story scenes are pictured in a way that the reader feels watching the crucial role of the story, living with them, and perceiving their spiritual states such as fear, love, delight, sorrow, and irritation deeply. With these techniques, a person’s motivation will be duplicated in following the story, as if they closely watch them and touch their reasons for aberration.The selected Quranic topics are the common topics in the ignorant society that can be seen in other societies as well. The reader does not separate his fate from the history of the preceding people and is attracted to follow the story. The stories of the Holy Quran are appropriate cases of the conflict between right and wrong, guidance and misguidance, and good and evil. There have been examples of such conflicts in all times and places, while the result has ended in favor of the good people, and humiliation and defeat have been given to the bad people.The variety of the history of the preceding people from the miraculous speech of the divine word illustrates the diversity of the entrenchment of the deniers of God, the many excuses and the application of the same methods of humanity in confronting the monotheistic invitation, which in addition to the encouragement of the Prophet, inspired him by the experiences and reactions of the previous prophets in encountering different ethnic groups.One of the important results of examining the critical discourse on the iconoclasm story of Ibrahim (PBUH) is a kind of instruction to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH); for the action he will take in the conquest of Mecca in not too distant future and crush the installed idols like Ibrahim. In fact, the narration of the story of the iconoclasm of Ibrahim is a kind of promise, hope, and comfort to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). A promise that the defeat of Mecca by Muslims is certain. The difference is that Ibrahim broke the idols in the temple, but Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) broke the idols that were constantly in front of everyone's eyes.One of the important results of the story of Uzir's hundred-year sleep and the part-by-part joining together of Uzir’s donkey is the expression of the quality of the true revival in the resurrection. The important point in the resurrection is the power that can collect the decayed bones and restore them to their original form. Disbelief in this power has been brought up many times under different titles by the people of the time of the Prophet (PBUH).The story of Ibrahim and his technique of worshiping heavenly bodies is like a mirror in which the past, present, and future of Muhammad's invitation can be seen through Ibrahim’s story. In the ignorance era, like the time of Prophet Ibrahim (PBUH), there were various goddesses, and the sun, moon, and stars were among the most common of these goddesses.Analyzing the stories related to the criticism of the ignorant society leads us to the conclusion that belief in different gods, doubts about resurrection, and imitation of ancestors existed in different eras of history. Analyzing the critical discourse of Quranic stories, in addition to instructing the application and benefit of discourse styles, indicates the appropriateness of the issues raised in the ignorant society with modern ignorance. Although in the discussion of theology and the affirmation of unity in creation the verses are based on the proof of order and nature, parables and stories are used more in the issues related to beliefs, societies, ethics, and the expression of traditions and common false habits.

Critical discourse analysis is a new cognitive field for challenging and exploring discourse and is a tool to achieve a full understanding of discourse, which is done by entering the hidden aspects of the text using the means and methods of analysis. The importance of critical discourse analysis lies in the fact that it integrates discourse analysis with the study of the environment that creates discourse and examines the dialectical relationship between discourse and power, and thus is an attempt to determine the ideological approach of discourse. Numerous theories have been proposed for critical analysis of discourse and related approaches, and analysts in this field, relying on a set of approaches and basic mechanisms for the final and ideal cognitive realization of this analysis, focus on the study of discourse. Norman Fairclough developed the study of critical discourse analysis by proposing contextual theory, and Laclau and Moff's critical approach is the most important approach to critical discourse analysis. The main feature of this approach is to study the roots of discourse and focus on the signs and the process of marginalizing, highlighting and crystallizing. Commentary on the study of the poetry of Ehab Shelby in this article, which critically examines the ode "Ayar Yuzhani"; The poet composed this poem on the sixth anniversary of its defeat in 2008, and the results of the research indicate that this poem is full of fragmented and floating signs that depict the negative realities of the Arab society and political conditions, and the purpose of these signs is to expose that it is a critical reality, and the centrality of its central meaning and articulation revolves around the axis of resistance, uprising, and the emphasis on the weak presence of Arab society in two different dimensions. Just as the poet marginalizes another alien and an isolated Arab who opposes uprising and mobility, he highlights the motivation and current that opposes it, by crystallizing the practice of confrontation and focusing on the sacred act of history that it can repel and expel the enemy, it does. In this regard, the contemporary Jordanian poet marginalizes another usurper and institutionalizes and emphasizes the right of the Palestinian people, denies the occupation of the land and the humiliation of its rightful owners, and ignores the Palestinian issue and the weak position of the Arab rulers Condemns occupation and rape.

Critical discourse analysis is one of the advanced theories in the study of discourse that deals with language, and helps through text and speech to create social and political power. Norman Fairclough was the first to develop a study in the analysis of critical discourse. Ahmed Al-Saadawi, the Iraqi novelist (1973-till now) wrote the novel "Frankenstein in Baghdad" and won the Arab Booker Prize. Hadi Al-Atak (a seller of antiques in a neighborhood in central Baghdad), was collecting the remains of the victims of terrorist bombings during the winter of 2005, to paste these parts and produce a strange human being, who quickly rises to carry out a massive revenge and revenge against the criminals who killed its parts. The fates of intertwined personalities during the exciting pursuit in Baghdad and its neighborhoods. The research revolves around three levels: the first is the “description level” which deals with the external weaving of the text, the second is the “explanation level” which searches for the ideology found in the text of the novel, and the third is the “interpretation level” which is a study on The internal weaving of the text, and the idea and emotion are the significance of this text.We would like to summarize the results of the research: as follows: The description in the structure of the text The novel focuses on the element of repetition and intertextuality “another narration between this narration”, as well as in terms of resemblance to the phrases that distinguish the narration from the rest. Likewise, the level of explanation is limited to the ideology in which the events of the novel take place in one of the old Baghdad neighborhoods, in the Al-Batoun neighborhood, which is known for the mixing of its residents of different nationalities, sects and homogeneous sects. In terms of interpretation, emotion plays a positive role in this novel, as the disturbing facts of an explosion or other terrorist campaigns occur. The approach that we have adopted in this regard is the descriptive-analytic that deals with the novel "Frankenstein in Baghdad" in the light of Norman Fairclough's vision.

New historicism is an approach that emerged in response to traditional methods and traditional historicism in the late 20th century. New historians consider history a set of conflicting discourses and address the marginalized voices. They believe that what historians write is not an objective recording of the past events but the interpretation and narrative of the past events based on the discourse of historians. Therefore, history has a discursive nature and is a tradition of narration. In 2012 Rabee Jaber the Lebanese novelist won the International Prize for Arabic fiction for his novel “Druze of Belgrade”. This thesis tries to examine the novel from the perspective new historicism in order to recognize the relation of text with historical discourses. the results of the study show that there are six discourses represented in this article: the discourse of ottoman government, the discourse of European governments, the dialogue of the Balkans, the discourse of prisoners of prisoners, the discourse of Lebanese Christians, and the discourse of Muslims of the Balkans. It also shows that the novel focuses on the marginalized voices and the victims of sectarian violence and governance, whose representatives are on one side, imprisoned Druze, and by the other, Hanna Yacoub and his family. The novel tries to provide a positive image of Druze, contrary to official discourse of Ottoman Empire.

The hero is the main character in an imaginary story. The use of this term has decreased in modern narrative studies, because of its ambiguity and the difficulty in knowing it. And the presence of the main narrative actor in the days of the Arabs in general, and the audience of Ibn Sheba in particular - along with other characters - is more important than the event in the narrative structure of the news sometimes.
I divided the research into two axes, according to the types of narrative actor in the book of Jamharat Ibn Shabba: The first of them was concerned with the disclosure of the fair narrative actor, and what he obtained from a cultural absence that was practiced by the authoritarian culture discourse, and represents this hero (Al-Barraq bin Rouhan), and the second axis of the research has been presented Dualism (steadfastness and transformation) in the personality of the narrative actor, represented by two characters (Kulaib and Muhallal).

This research aims to examine the narrative aspects in Naji al-Ali's images using a narratology method. The presence of narrative aspects in these images as manifested in the fixed characters and the choice of names for them as well as the usage of narrative units and linguistic context in descriptive and explanatory phrases in the cartoons add a narrative dimension to the images and scenes. This study seeks to explain narrative elements in forty selected cartoons, investigating the usage of black and white, literary element, character and temporal and spatial structure in them. Thus, it has examined the narrative aspects of the cartoons in visual and written discourses of the phrases included in the images. The results show that the usage of fixed characters is Naji al-Ali's narrative strategy and he has been leading in using the techniques of temporal association as shown in the phrases and the technique of forecasting using lines and figures. Regarding the literary and spatial elements, it needs to be noted that the location and its functions in his works are Palestine and the earth, where the events and actions take place and its functions are manifested either through the names of the places or their absence. The black and white themes pervade the narrative atmosphere of his cartoons so that they show the empty places by the white color and sorrow by black.

Argumentative discourse occupies a large space in the Qur’an text in general and the two surat al-Baqara and Taha in particular, and this is evident through the multiplicity of topics they dealt with and the diversity of those addressing them. This is what led to the employment of many orbital mechanisms. Linguistic, rhetorical ... with the aim of attracting the attention of those addressed in order to comply and be convinced of what they were ordered, and for that this study came with the help of the pragmatic approach to shed light on the mechanisms of argumentative and persuasion in Surat Al-Baqara and Surat Taha, that is because their goal is to make the recipient party convinced of submission to God Almighty. Through the presentation of the verses of the argument and the dialogue that took place between the sender and the recipient, and the monitoring of verbal actions and argumentative links to achieve the strategy of persuasion within the large field of discourse strategies Which means that the accomplished speech is an ongoing planned speech, As the sender intends in his speech to employ an appropriate strategy that expresses his intention and achieves his goal, in the words of Abdul Hadi bin Dhafer Al-Shehri, which is a pragmatic strategy, which gets its name from the goal of the speech, and the act of persuasion and its guidance is always based on previous assumptions about the elements of the context, especially the addressee. The strategy for achieving the goals of the sender.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a significant sub-discipline of Discourse Analysis. This approach takes its lead from the philosophical ideas propounded by Michel Foucault, Sigmund Freud, and Karl Marx. Norman Fairclough, an eminent theorist of CDA, attempts to link linguistic features to social issues so that linguists find it necessary to engage with social problems. According to Fairclough, discourse analysis can be performed at three levels: description, explanation, and interpretation. In the holy Quran and Surahs like “Hojarat”, there are abundant conceptual signs which are used to modify social norms. The interpretation level in CDA deals with the relationship between dominant social discourse with different social discourses. Drawing on the description and explanation levels of CDA, this study attempt to develop a critical framework to analyze social discourses in “Hojarat” Surah. It is proposed that the narrative discourse at the education axis in “Hojarat” Surah is in line with social discourses which seek to define Islamic value system

Poetry is an inspiring means that indicates the human being's life and their psychological statuses and it reveals the inner side of people. And, to communicate with others it depends on the creative discourse that fulfill the semantic purposes. So, poets used different effective techniques to transfer their thoughts and feelings to the reader and to communicate with him. The Ommani poet Said Al-Saqlawi is one of thos poets that used the creative-communicative discourse to express the inner side of people's life. In this study, we chose the poet "the cry of the child" to be the case because it has a rebellious discourse and it is a humanitarian process and a sympathetic attitude to the oppressed people of Palestine. The poet used aesthetics beside the creative texts to impress the reader and to capture his heart. He applied linguistic means that transfer the poet's emotions to the reader and guarantee the communication process.       This descriptive analytical study surveyed the significant creative techniques that made the reader interact in the communication process such as cinematic discourse, press discourse, and convincing discourse. And, the study is to discover the creative techniques that support the text with semantic meanings to communicate with the reader. We concluded that the poet Said Al-Saqlawi in this creative poem tried to effect the reader to take a honourable stand with Palestinian case and the children's suffering. That is why he used a bunch of rousing and motivating means.

The relationship between language and society has preoccupied linguists and philosophers for many years. With the emergence of Halliday’s functional linguistics, impacts of language on society and the dialectic relationship between them have been given more attention. Following this approach, we witnessed the appearance of critical discourse analysis (CDA) which focused on the dialectic relationship between language and society. According to this approach, discourse including the use of language to communicate with others seeks to exert influence on society and culture. While taking some of its elements from the society, the discourse can also affect the society and lead to the emergence of novel culture and worldview. Thus, the comparison of different stages of critical discourse analysis to Surah al-Ikhlas reveals that the discourse of this Surah seeks to create a new ideology in the society aiming to spread a monotheistic view. All words and elements of language in this discourse are consistent with such ideology. In this line, the dialectic connection between discourse and society can be revealed.

Sanaei is one of the leading social poets, with his own style and epoch makers in Farsi literature. His most important innovation was introducing mysticism into Farsi poetry. His attention to his surrounding society and his specific attitude to the universe emerged a new discourse in the field of Farsi poetry and literature. Discourse analysis as a new approach in critical reading of texts, is one of the most important discussions in linguistics which analyzes and re-reads texts from the perspective of this approach. The basic idea in Goldmann’s formative constructivism is that the study of a distinguished work needs two stages: perception and description. In the first stage of perception stage, the work has to be understood in its structure. In the second stage of explanation, the work structure has to be situated in its social structure. The present study aims at the study mystic discourse in Sanaei’s Hadiqa al-haqiqa (The Garden of the Truth) based on developmental constructivism of “Lucien Goldmann” through descriptive-analytical method in two levels of perception and explanation. In “perception” stage it is shown through describing Sanaei’s belief elements in a holistic format with meaningful structure that Sanaei creates a new method of discourse system that is far from belief prejudices. Descriptive stage studies the structure of this literary work including it political, social, mental, cultural and theological conditions. The results revealed that Sanaei tries to explore a novel discourse for the modification, felicity and redemption of his society.

This article is an attempt to study the element of the time of the novel Zakera al-Jassadwritten by AhlemMosteghanemi based on the time of narrative and the time of narration, relying on linguistic functions. This research seeks to explain how the time sequence of the events of the novel changes in the direction of the circular line, as well as its relevance to the discourse representing contemporary history of Algeria and the parallelism of the discourse of narrative techniques with the sequence of events of the novel. The research concludes that despite the lack of order in the time sequence of events there is a correlation between narrative techniques and time arrangements of events; how the element of timehas regarded the discourse of the author of the novel. It has included current themes of the contemporary historyof Algeriawhich depictthe contemporary historyof Algeria, because AhlemMosteghanemi has clearly described the ideologies of contemporary history in Algeria. Thus the author of the novel, relying on thetechniques of stream of consciousness and linguistic functionshas changed time sequence of events in the direction of the circular line in order to transfer the feeling of the arrangement of the time sequence of events to reader. The author wants the reader to feel the time sequence of events and interpret them in the course of secret discourse within the element of time. The author also wants the reader to set the sequence of the events timeline within himself.

A literary work can be appraised for its style in different ways. This study intends to investigate the intellectual aspects of Sareh by Mahmood Aqqad. This book shares some aspects with other plays and novels, but enjoys distinctive characteristics such as the use of rhetorical devices for textual and discourse purposes, different dimension, of discourse analysis tools, using popular stories, and employing sincere and tangible figurative language. The present article investigates this book for different textual dimensions such as style, discourse and rhetorical devices, so that it is proved that Aqqad's style can be described from a discoursal and rhetorical stance and logical and rational strands are stronger than imaginative ones. This claim can be elaborated according to the characteristics and evidence in the book.