جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « جمشید خانیان » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

One of the important dimensions in psychology is the personality dimension of humans. Many theorists have studied in this field and presented many theories. One of these theorists is Erik Erikson. According to him, people"s personality develops widely and widely in social interaction at different stages, and at every stage of life and the formation of his personality, a person is placed in an accumulation of individual, social effort and special psychological orientation; Therefore, the theory of "eight stages of human life" has been drawn. Jamshid Khanian, playwright, critic and literary researcher and contemporary storyteller in the field of children and teenagers, has been very successful in the field of story characterization. For this reason, the authors of the present study try to analyze the characters of Jamshid Khanian"s story based on Erikson"s model.

 The method used is descriptive-analytical and based on library studies

 Examining the characters in Jamshid Khanian"s children"s and adolescent stories introduces us to the different layers of Erikson"s personality theory. All eight stages of Erikson"s theory have been seen in the characters of Jamshid Khanian"s children"s and adolescent stories, but the most frequent stage of development in Khanian"s works is the stage of adolescence and adulthood, where the sense of responsibility; strong feelings and emotions; desire to win and succeed; showing off and attracting the attention of others; Identity Crisis; Establishing close interpersonal relationships is one of the most obvious characteristics of the stage of adolescence and childbearing and raising the generation; acceptable; Giving importance to others and sometimes feeling inferior and ineffective is the most important feature of adulthood.
Examining Erikson"s theory on individuals Jamshid Khanian"s stories introduce us to the mental and psychological and even physical characteristics of different age groups, especially children and teenagers.
Jamshid Khanian has tried to present appropriate role models to children and teenagers with conscious characterization and play a significant role in the development of this age group.

 Based on the obtained results, all eight stages of Erikson"s theory can be seen in the characters of Jamshid Khanian"s stories of children and teenagers, and studying his stories helps us to better understand and recognize the characteristics and spirits of the people in the story, especially children and teenagers.

Besides providing literary jouissance and entertainment, successful young adult fiction also pays attention to the educational aspect. In doing so, it paves the path for adolescents’ development as well as their entrance into social life. Fallibility and tolerance towards different viewpoints are significant instructive issues for adolescents while they move into their social lives. A Pizza Box for the Grilled Trapezoid by Jamshid Khanian is a notable novel dealing with epistemology and individual differences in the process of consciousness.  The novel narrates a small family’s short residence in an apartment full of weird events. Reading the novel, the readers formulate their hypotheses about the cause of these strange events and frequently reject them. As a result, the readers conclude that one cannot explain the whyness of events only by relying on the mind and experience. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, the current study seeks to examine the fallibility of human beings as one of the fundamental principles of social life in the modern world in the novel under discussion. Accordingly, the idea of epistemic anxiety, seen as one of the intellectual foundations of the modern way of thinking, becomes the theoretical basis of the current study. The findings of the study indicate that the novelist brings to the fore the concept of epistemic anxiety by raising human beings’ fallibility in their perceptions along with its consequences, that is, readiness to constantly revise and reconstruct their beliefs and perspectives.

Intertextuality as one of the methods in art criticism has been considered in recent years. For this critical approach, which seeks to examine the effects of texts on each other, various methods have been identified, the most important of which can be seen in the views of Bakhtin, Kristeva, Barthes, Genette and Rifatter. Gerard Genette, meanwhile, has carefully described the various types of intertextuality, namely "Arch textuality", "Paratextuality", "metatextuality" and "hyper textuality". Jamshid Khanian is one of the well-known writers of children and adolescent literature who pays special attention to the choice of subject and narrative methods. For this reason, his works are always considered by critics and audiences. He has researched the relationship between cinema and literature, and in choosing the subject, theme and characters of some of his novels, he has been influenced by selected works of Iranian and world cinema. This descriptive-analytical study seeks to examine the intertextual relationship between the two novels "The Dwarf Emperor of Lilliput Land" and "Edson Arants Donasimento and His Himalayan Rabbit" and two world-famous works entitled " The fabulous destiny of Amelie Poulain " and " Inglorious Basterds ". The results show that there is a relationship between Khanian's novels and the mentioned films in terms of selecting the main and sub-characters and their actions, narrative methods, elements and objects. A relationship that can be evaluated under the two types of "Arch textuality" and "hyper textuality".

In the present study, by recognizing the analysis of Khanian's skills in constructing and dealing with the narrative and examining its methods from the perspective of centralization based on Gerard Genet's theory, the question arises that; From what point of view does the narrator look at the people and events of the story? The narrative of the story is limited to the point of view? The focus of the novel formed in this novel is temporal, spatial, psychological and ideological, and the narrator is the center of attention, which justifies the narrative and the polyphony of the narrative. Frequency, duration, and timing are significantly in the text, and love and war are the two main focal points that flow in the pure love of two adolescents due to the violence and cruelty of war. Jamshidkhanian, one of the prominent writers in the field of children and adolescents in Iran with a tendency to real style in his works in recent years, especially in the novel "Younes's romances in the belly of a fish" has led to attracting adolescent audiences.

The main purpose of this research is to analyze the concept of subjectivity with a problematic approach and to examine its relationship with the critique and theory of child and adolescent literature. Consciousness and action considered as the main features of subjectivity. Thought and act consciously in dialogue with other, requires the assumption of two sides in this regard. I versus you. In interaction of these dualities, one dominates another, and this conquest occurs in a hidden way. Thus, while the consciousness of both sides, because of the accumulation and interaction of their consciousness together, improves, on the other hand, they find a constructed identity, and the weaker side is conquered by dominant discourse hegemony. so, defeated one does not actually think, but it is thought, however, he thinks he is free, he is only chooses among available options. The key concept in understanding of this relationship, is “intersubjectivity” which this paper use Bakhtin’s approach to this term. Intersubjectivity emphasizes the process of this relationship and suggests moving from being to existence in a “useful negotiation”. Attention to the concept of subjectivity and intersubjectivity, has been very challenging in recent years. Since no research has been found about these concepts in Iran, this article deals with it. The main question is how can we improve the relationship between dualities and achive to an intersubjective relationship? At the end, this article, attempt to analyze the duality of the writer and hero, and the process of intersubjectivity between them in Jamshid Khanian’s new book to illustrate the effectiveness of these discussions in the critique of children literature. It seems Khanian have been able to empower his subjects by consciousness and action to create reality within an intersubjective negotiation.

In the twentieth century, almost simultaneously with the formation of Romanticism, in addition to lyric poetry, lyric novels were formed, and speaking about love and displaying its various forms in addition to poetry became popular in Persian prose. Iraq's imposed war on Iran created a literary genre called “holy defense literature” that also met the needs of the holy defense of the child and adolescent literature community. Adolescence period is a time of growth of the individual's imagination and emotion. During this period, the individual experiences many physical and behavioral changes “puberty grows rapidly and the adolescent attends to the opposite sex. Also, attention to gender-related books, more taste differences will be created in the studied books” (Ghafari, 1384:43). In this time, lyric concepts such as love, received less attention from holy defense writers of adolescent and child, while addressing this issue with regard to the emotional and cognitive needs of adolescents seems to be an obvious matter. In this study, the authors attempt to clear the lyric characteristics of holy defense and related concepts by analyzing and reviewing the novel “Younes’s romances in fish belly” the work of Jamshid Khanian and then find response to the following questions:1- What are the techniques are used by the holy defense writers to express lyric love?2- Where is the place of mystery and ambiguity in the theme of love?3- Which factor in this novel makes the audience aware of virtual love - true and mystical love?

This study has been done in a descriptive-analytical way. For this purpose, by using the library tool, first of all, the sources and articles which are related to child and adolescent literature, holy defense literature, and lyric literature were studied and then the concept of love and the different stages of phenomenal, maturity and end of love of fictional characters in this holy defense novel of adolescent and child were analyzed.

In this work all of the kinds of the love are seen: Love of mother to the child, love of mother to the partner, love of sister and brother to each other, love to materialism and finally symbolic love of Younes and Sarah which is the main love in this novel and the study is based on it. The common point of all these earthy loves is their purity and simplex.In this work, earthly and heavenly love is necessary for each other. Not annoying or opposing each other. As a result, it is a means of knowing and attaining intuitive knowledge. According to the symbols which are seen in this story, this work can be considered as an allegorical – mystical work. Based on this view, the novel can be interpreted as follow: Sarah is a teenage girl and loves music; music is the manifestation of divine sounds. She starts a journey to attain self-knowledge, the first step in mysticism. Sarah meets Younes in the middle of the road, a strange character who is also seeking self-knowledge. Yunus invokes poetry, and throughout her plays invites Sarah to look in the mirror which is the symbol of the mystical heart and the source of self-awareness. He proves to Sarah that the everything is reversed in the mirror. This scientific fact is an illustration of this mystical point that this world is the shadow of the parable and nothing has true existence in it, but the existence of anything depends on the heaven universe and this world is just a means to know and discover the truth of the universe: “when you want to draw a line in to the left side but your hand go through the right side, it means that the mirror tells you that you can extract something strange and new from repeated things, provided you abandon your habitual habits … we really look at ourselves in the mirror, who are we watching? (Khanian, 1382: 162). Younes who is sure that Sarah will follow Salma to know her and discover Younes’s love mystery, provides a condition in which Sarah can climb the ladder with the help of her brother Sam, by enduring the hardships of the journey, to discover the garden which Salma lives in it. In this way, as mentioned above, the ladder is a means of ascension and a means to bring the lover to the beloved and Sam is a guide and mediator; the garden can also be an allegory of paradise or attainment of knowledge and intuition. After that Younes dies while digging a well. The well is a symbol of material world which Younes by passing it goes to meet God (die). The well can also symbolize the darkness behind which the water of life exists and Yunus attains eternal life in the pursuit of the water of life. So presence of these symbols in the work causes the story to become double layer. In the surface layer, war and jihad for the defense of the homeland and in the second layer self-Jihad attributes that are consistent with one of the features of allegorical story One of the features that is emphasized in the story of the allegory is the existence of another layer of meaning beyond the apparent layer of the work (Fotouhi, 1390:259).

 the Novel of Asheghanehay-e Younes Dar Shekam-e Mahi is an adolescent novel of holy defense. Love and war are the two main themes of this novel. The author depicts the pure love of two teenagers parallel to violence and brutality of the war. In this novel, love has a dual structure and involved of two outer and inner layers, in its surface layer, the love was mentioned in war background. This layer contains many of the features of a romance novel and includes stages such as the beginning of love, revealing the secret of love, describing the beloved, jealousy, suffering, sacrifice, the death of a lover, and so on. In its inner layer, the author tries to show love from its primitive form to its most enduring and original form, with the help of mystical symbols and allegories. The basis of the movement of love in this work is from earthly love to heavenly love. The Love of Teenage Characters This story is accompanied by a sense of pride that is linked to the concept of heaven love by departing from the sensual desires. This power of love departs the characters from the savage world of war and blood, removes class distances, divisions and disagreements, and ultimately acts as an instructive and guiding power. It is in such an environment that the beloved comes to know herself and goes with the lover and finally dies in his presence and attains knowledge and intuition. In this way the lover needs a guide and a mediator who is Sam (Sarah’s brother). This guide is a mediator and a link between the lover and beloved and shows the truth of love to the beloved. Thus, we can describe this novel as a lyric work, that the author gives mystical attributes compatible with his adolescent audience as well as the spiritual atmosphere of the holy defense and images the love of two adolescents in a delicate and symbolic form, a love which responds positive to the emotional needs of today's adolescent audience.

The Night that Cricket Won’t Sing, written by Jamshid Khanian, is one of the most outstanding works in the field of teen novel that has attracted the attention of many critics and readers. Since language is the author's main tool for creating literary texts, in this research, language of the novel is studied at three lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical levels to identify its fundamental characteristics. Among the most important linguistic features of this novel are: high frequency of verbs implying movement, sudden transformation of the structure of past verbs, dominance of the tense features of standard language on its spoken form, high frequency of short sentences, changing of sentence clauses, repetition of some sentences, melodious language, contrast (the most prominent figure of the work), description, imagery (the most numerous and most revealing figure), symbolization and adaptation. Focusing on these features and their details show that many of them have positive effects on the overall structure of the novel and have influenced the development of various elements of the story (subject, theme, personality, space, etc.). These features imply the author's attention to the importance of language in improving the quality of the work in order to transfer ideas better. and can be one of the factors of various critics’ attraction to the repetitious story of war and the selection of this novel in several festivals.

Literature of resistance in a specific meaning is one of the literary genres that is kind of new in Iran with many stories and novels in which the author has employed allegory and symbol to express himself and create his work. Symbol and allegory include something vague, unknown or hidden from us known as a code in the new era and stylistic criticism of a work that can even include an author's style. Layered stylistics, which is a modern method of stylistics, considers situational context as the macro layer, fragmenting the text into micro layers. Then, exploring those layers, it searches the features and frequent traits, ultimately leading to the discovery of ideology.
In this descriptive-content analysis study, first, according to the situational context, the novel of Romances of Jonah in the belly of the whale byJamshid Khanian, an allegorical work in the literature of resistance, was fragmented into lexical, syntactic and rhetorical micro layers, and then analyzed stylistically.The findings suggest that the ideology of the author lies in the syntactic layer since this is an allegorical story and allegory usually reflects in the syntactic layer. Presenting a perfect example, the author introduces the journey from an earthly love to the heavenly love as the best type of love; then, employing the code and allegory, makes the audience interprete and think, creating an allegorical style for his novel

The Beautiful Heart of Babur written by Jamshid Khanian is a meta-story in which the writer has tried to use a new form of narration, avoiding the traditional ones simultaneously. In a meta-story, narrator thinks about the methods of narration. One of the other peculiarities of a meta-story is being skillful in using intertextuality. The relation between a text with other text or texts is termed intertextuality. The main technique of Khanian in this story, in addition to explaining the development of the story, is the use of intertextual elements as well as creating conversations, by using known stories for children and teenagers, especially Little Prince of Antoine de Saint-Exupery. Referring to well-known texts in the story of Beautiful Heart if Babur helps to develop the process of narration, forming elements of the story, and inspiring meanings, thus making them acceptable. The views of teenagers who are the audience of this story show that they can relate to this kind of story-writing.