جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "حالت فاعلی - مفعولی" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

This present research studies ergativity in the Taleshi dialect. This dialect is spoken in some parts of Guilan and appears in three main different types including Central, Northern, and Southern. The type of dialect surveyed in this article is the southern one. It is spoken in Sehsar village. The data are collected in a field study and by interviewing thirty native speakers of this dialect. Ergativity is a grammatical pattern in which the subject of an intransitive clause is treated in the same way as the object of a transitive clause, and differently from the transitive subject. This dialect follows a split-ergative system. This means that, in a present clause, it takes advantage of the nominative-accusative pattern, hence in a past transitive clause it takes advantage of the ergative-absolutive pattern. This research has been done to answer these questions: Is the ergative marker -i the only indicator of ergativity and ergative constructions in this dialect? Which constructions can be considered ergative ones? And on what factors is ergativity based on? After surveying language witnesses of this dialect, these findings have been achieved: Ergativity is not limited only to ergative marker -i , but oblique pronouns and plural nouns ending with -un in a transitive clause and past tense as well as perfect aspect can be the other indicators of ergative constructions. And finally, ergativity is based on past tense and perfect aspect.

This article surveys passivization in Taleshi dialect. This dialect is common in some areas of the Guilan province. This dialect , i.e, Taleshi dialect is divided into three different branches which are called central , northern and southern dielects of Taleshi dialect . The methodology which is used in this research is of a field and library one . Because the language data are driven through a field study and the author goes into the people and selects thirty native speakers of Sehsar village. These native speakers mostly of forty years old or more than forty years old ; construing that they are not affected by the neighboring dialects which are spoken around them. The author interviews these thirty native speakers of Sehsar , who mostly reside in the village of Sehsar. He records their speech and selects the items which are applicable for fulfilling this research. It should be mentioned here that, the framework and the literature of this article take great advantages of other written works which appeared before. The dialect which is surveyed here , is of southern type which is spoken in Sehsar village. This dialect is the only means of communication among the people of this village. From linguistic perspective ,this dialect has two different case systems which are called nominative- accusative and ergative-absolutive case systems. Nominative - accusative case system is the one in which the subjects of the intransitive and transitive verbs behave similarlyand these two subjects are not differenciated by any case marker , hence the object of the transitive verb is different. In an ergative-absolutive case system , it is the reverse , that is , the subject of a transitive verb behaves differently from both the subject of intransitive verb and the object of the transitive verb. In other words , in this case system the object of a transitive verb and the subject of an intransitive verb behave similarly. This case is shown by case marker in ergative languages . In Taleshi dialect , ergative case is shown by the case marker <– i >. Regarding this two case systems , this article focuses mainly on how passivization is done in these two different case systems which are called nominative- accusative and ergative-absolutive case systems and exist in this dialect and , based on the evidence gathered in a field study , tries to answer these questions as well : Does passivization exists in this dialect which is of southern type? And how it is done in these two different case systems? Do these different case systems apply different methods of passivization , or they apply the same method of passivization ? Do passivization and ergativity coincide in the same structure? The results of this research , which are obtained after analyzing the language data gathered through a field study , show that passivization exists in this dialect and it is commonly done by omitting the agent from the sentence while the object of the verb moves to the position of the omitted subject and the verb agrees with this dummy subject. In instances of passivization , by omitting the subject ,the morpheme which means < with > follows the object which occurs in the subject position . The author believes that in this kind of passivization , the emphasis is on the object which the verb is accomplished with and as different morphemes are in action in this process of passivization, he calls this process of passivization as a complex passivization ; but in some cases the agent is kept but its position is changed and attaches the object . Although the subject is kept and comes after the object , it goes through some changes and represents a third singular or plural pronoun. That is the subject appears as or <– šun >. The choice depends on the context which they occur. These two morphemes need a past tense and perfect aspect to occur. And this context is a prerequisite for occurring the ergative case. Based on what is said , it can be concluded that this type of passivization along with ergativity requires a similar context to occur. The other point is , only in such cases passivization can coincide with ergative - absolutive construction , where the agent is present in the sentence . This finding contradicts Atlamaz ( 2012 ) that claims ergativity does not occur in a passive structure , in other words , these two structures do not coincide in a structure. Hence in cases where the agent is absent , ergative construction is absent too.