جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « حیدر حیدر » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Time is a fundamental issue in the formation of narrative discourse because the discourse is considered to be one of the temporal arts and the form of the narrative structure is determined based on its temporal structure. Time is no longer a sequential concept in the modern world novel, in general, and in the modern Arabic novel, in particular. The structure of the narrative no longer depends on the logic of causality, so we see a shift in the time of the novelists’ works. Haidar Haidar, a Syrian novelist, is one of the novelists who uses time structurally and semantically to break the time continuity and create an anachronism between the story time and discourse. Using the descriptive-analytical method and Gerard Genet’s theory, this study examines the narrative time in the novel Al-zaman al-Mouhesh by Haidar Haidar. Its purpose is to examine the structure and function of narrative time and its implications. The results of the present study showed that the structure of time in this novel is circular or rotatory, serving the dialectical notions of the novel. In addition, the mismatch between the structure of the narrative and the story creates analepsis and prolepsis, and this is done by accelerating techniques such as summarizing, deleting, and showing the scene. Therefore, at the structural level, the monotony breaks the rhythm of the novel and diversifies it, and at the semantic level, it manages to convey its psychological and social concepts and implications.

Al-zaman al-Mouhesh written by Heydar Heydar portrays the values and traditions of Syrian society. It depicts characters who, in terms of being cut off from past traditions, have become desperate, defeated, incapacitated, atheist, and nihilistic, features which are far from revolutionary characteristics. This article examines the speed of narration in the novel based on the narrative theory of Gerald J. Prince. The objective is to examine the relationship between the time of the novel - measured by seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, and years - with the length of the story text measured by rows, pages, and paragraphs. Although the exact fictional time within which the novel is set is not acknowledged, it takes place within a three-year time span. There is not correlationship between temporal and causal elements in this novel. The unity of place and the main character (narrator) are the elements that give the novel its unity. As the novel feature no orderly beginning and ending, everything is simulteanously intertwined and irrelevant. Likewise, events are scattered. This novel deviates from traditional motifs and techniques including a concern about human beings, ancient Arab relations in the form and context of the narrative, and temporal and spatial structures. The narrative speed of the novel can be analyzed in five main categories. This study suggests that the author has made maximum use of techniques such as interplay between scenes, the phenomenon of alternation and assurance through narrative deceleration.

Polyphonic narrative technique (multivocality) appeared remarkably and manifestly in Modernism and Postmodernism, because unlike the classical novel, it is dependent on the diversity and multiplicity of narrative perspectives that eliminates the dominance of the novelist and the omniscient narrator, and allows the views of different characters to be appeared in the way that characters are able to express their intellectual and emotional potentials freely and extensively. The polyphonic narrative technique represents different patterns of consciousness and diverse ideologies that are democratically appropriate to the complexities of the modern age and their effects on the narrative structure of modern novels and other elements. The addition of fictional characters leads to the multiplicity of text levels, the mobility and dynamics of characters, the exchange of roles, and the development of the meanings of narrative discourse, that gives the novelist freedom and ability to hide behind the mask of their characters, thereby removing monotony (Immobility) and static of text. Russian critic, Mikhail Bakhtin, is the first to refer to the "polyphonic narrative" by studying the works of Dostoyevsky, who cares about the complicated and diverse aspects of contemporary man's psychology and social life. In this regard, using a descriptive-analytical method in the light of Bakhtin's theory, the present study tries to analyze this issue and express the most important features of Polyphonic narrative in the novel "The Desolate Time" (al-Zaman al-Mūhish) by Syrian novelist Haidar Haidar. One of the most important results of this study is that this novel reaches the principle of polyphonic technique through dialogue and dialectics of characters with different and heterogeneous voices using techniques and mechanisms including: the multiplicity of ideologies, narrative perspectives and artistic methods can be setting, hybridisation, parody, stylisation, and expressive forms that reflect the internal and external crisis of characters which symbolizes the Arab community.