جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « رفتار متقابل » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

One of the theories of psychology knowledge that studies the interaction of people and their personality is Eric Burn's theory of transactional analysis. According to Burn's point of view, human personality consists of three aspects: "adult", "parent" and "child" that According to the existing conditions and according to the educational background of each person, one aspect takes control of the personality. According to this theory, a balanced and compatible personality is considered to be one whose mature aspect allows other aspects to control the personality according to the requirements of the situation and position. The events of the "Soowashoon" novel that take place in Shiraz city are known as an example of the entire society of Iran at that time. The psychological characteristics of its characters are depicted, influenced by the conditions of the society and in accordance with it. This research aims to analyze the interaction of the characters in the fictional society of Swoowashoon based on Eric Berne's theory of transactional analysis using a descriptive-analytical method and based on library studies and In this way, reveal the equivalence of the characters and events of Soowashoon novel with the conditions of the society And to answer this basic question, what effect has the tyranny ruling the society had on the paren aspect of the characters in Soowashoon novel. It seems that the despotism of the traditional Iranian society has caused the behavior of most of the characters in the story to be influenced by their "parent" aspect And the predominance of traditional values in patriarchal society, draws the mutual behavior of men and women of the story in the form of "parent to child" communication pattern.

According to theory of Eric Berne, any person involves specific behavioral patterns that depict his ego states. However, a person might depict different behavioral pattern under various ego states that are contrary to his previous behaviors. This viewpoint led to proposition of Ego state. Eric Berne, the founder of Transactional Analysis divides ego states into parent, adult and child. Based on this theory, parent is one of the personality states of a person that humans obtain it from their parents or power paradigm. Parent appears as the kind supportive parent and controlled parent. In the kind supportive parent state, the person has characteristics such as supportive, generous and intimate. In the state of the controlled parent, the person is selfish, punisher and tyrant. By descriptive and analytical method and by reference to the Beihaghi History and Eric Berne’s viewpoints and interdisciplinary approach, this research investigates the three components such as personality, types of parents and their exemplars in the personality of Amir Masoud Ghaznavi. The results show how Masoud Ghaznavi acts in different states and depicts the ego state of parent in his actions and what are the mental states of these behaviors. It is inferred that Masoud Ghaznavi has removed the state of adult and shows the state of tyrant parent and depicts the approaches such as power, threat, intimidation and tyranny.

Tariq Bakari (1988) is an activist in the field of fiction in Morocco, whose main literary activities are social novels, in each of which, social issues and problems are dealt with intelligently. The novel " Al-Qatil al-Ashqar " is one of her outstanding works in which the author has meticulously portrayed the bitter truths of a social environment full of corruption and restraint and the burden of her society.. In this work, she tries to show the influence of two important family environments and the social environment in the formation of her fictional characters, who are in fact a picture of the real characters of the social environment. Obviously, in any story, the "characters" play a major role in recounting the events and their sequence; For this reason, paying attention to the actions and behavior of the characters opens the reader's mind to a door of ideas hidden in the writer's mind. Hence, with the help of the basics of psychology, it is better to understand the hidden and deep layers of the characters and the causes of their behavior; Therefore, one of the most important areas of psychological analysis of characters is the analysis and critique of literary texts, especially fiction and novels. Because, in this approach, based on different theories of psychology and its greats, it is possible to analyze the various and even contradictory behaviors of the characters and people in the story. In this regard, the psychological theory of "interaction behavior analysis" is one of these important and practical theories that can be used to evaluate the psychological aspects of the characters, especially in the story. This theory is often used to analyze and analyze human behavior. This study, for the first time, examines and analyzes the novel " Al-Qatil al-Ashqar " from the perspective of an interdisciplinary study method from the perspective of a coherent psychology. This is important in that the characters and their interactions form a major part of Eric Byrne's theory as well as the atmosphere of the present story. In addition, by examining the present novel based on the views of Eric Byrne, one can understand the psychological dimension of the characters and the reasons for some of their actions and in contrast to other people; Therefore, addressing such issues can be an effective step in understanding the subtleties and details of literary works in general and the present novel in part. The purpose of this article is to pay close attention to the formation of interrelationships and the structural pathology of sensual states (parent, adult, child) in the story of " Al-Qatil al-Ashqar " and to answer the following questions:-According to the theory of "reciprocal behavior" analysis, the behavior of the characters in this story is rooted in which mental and educational states?
- The chain of relations between the characters in the interaction with each other is based on which mental states?
-To what extent is the analysis of "reciprocal behavior" successful in identifying the psychological aspects of the characters in the story?

In the present article ، the descriptive-analytical method and based on the theoretical foundations of "Eric Byrne's analysis of reciprocal behavior" has been studied and analyzed by the novel "The Killer of Ashqar". Research materials of this research are provided by referring to libraries, related dissertations, reputable domestic and foreign journals as well as reputable domestic and foreign websites.

The results show that the characters of the novel " Al-Qatil al-Ashqar " in the form of cases and except in a few cases, are influenced by the dimension of "parent" and therefore, based on mental states, anxiety, conflict and fear. They treat each other. Of course, each of these factors causes itself to change and move from one area to another. In addition, the study of the characters and the analysis of the existential states of "I" in them, as well as the analysis of their mutual behavior, show that the more psychologically close the characters are, the more they are in a complementary relationship with each other. And the farther apart they are, the farther apart they are. In general, it can be said that the author seeks to express and create states of anxiety and tie it to some of the moral anomalies of society, and since in the society in question, most behaviors are not based on rational behavior but on norms. The ruler of the society takes place, therefore, the dominance of the parental spirits over the characters of the story prevails.

Each person has a set of specific behavioral patterns that represent his mental state, but since the same person in a different mental state shows other behavioral patterns that are often inconsistent with his previous behavior, this led to the emergence of "Theory of My States" by Eric Burn. The founder of mutual behavior analysis divides "My Situations" into three parts: parent, adult, and child. According to Eric Burn's theory, "parent" is one of the three states of human personality that is learned from parents, or patterns of power. This research analyzes the "parental" behaviors of Amir Masoud of Ghaznavi with a descriptive-analytical method and by referring to the history of Beyhaqi and the theories of Eric Burn. He makes decisions from his autocratic "parent" mode and creates approaches such as asserting power, threats and intimidation and tyranny.

Transactional analysis is a theory for recognizing people's behavior, feeling, and subjectivity in the context of character's relations in which an image of human's psychological structure is offered and the triple pattern of carnal states, that is, parent, adult, and child is used for human behaviors analysis. In this article, components such as triple dimensions of the structure of character, chain of relations among characters, defensive mechanism which an individual uses for being away from behavioral and psychological tensions are analyzed through generalization to fictional community in Shir-va-Gav (lion and cow) story, one of Kelile-va-Demne stories. This article elucidates how characters of this story behave in different situations, how they reveal their personality in the form of their behaviors and which mental and psychic tensions can be considered as the source of their behaviors. The purpose of this study is to propose a behavioral typology of characters of Shir-va-Gav story and analyze them based on Eric Bern's pattern in order to figure out character's mental and psychological characteristics. The results of the analysis of the components of transactional analysis in Shir-va-Gav story show that the character's relations have continuity, and among triple aspects of the character's structure, Kelile’s, Demne’s, and Shir's behaviors are assessable in the form of adult, parent, and child, respectively. Transactions among characters are of complementary kind in the beginning but throughout the story they turn into interaction of crossed kind and cause disorder in behavior.