جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « زبان تاتی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

morphological purposes. Reduplication is divided into two main types in most languages: total reduplication and partial reduplication. The present study aims to describe this process, classify different types and patterns of total reduplication, and explore its semantic functions in Tati language (the Rudbari dialect) within the framework of Morphological Doubling Theory (MDT) (Inkelas & Zoll, 2005). The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the data, which consist of about 150 reduplication constructions in Tati, have been collected from written texts, and based on one of the author’s language intuition. Among the most important findings of this study, the followings are worth mentioning: there are two main types of total reduplication in Tati, pure total reduplication and added total reduplication and each of them has some subcategories. In this language, the elements engaged in total reduplication can belong to different grammatical categories, such as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, phrases, sounds, or onomatopoeia. The semantic functions of reduplication in Tati can range from clear meanings to iconic and idiomatic meanings expressing continuation, abundancy, hesitation, increasing and decreasing the intensity.

Reduplication is a morphological process and has a high productivity in some languages. In reduplication a whole word or part of it is repeated. According to the copied part linguists categorize this process into two types: total reduplication and partial reduplication. Each reduplication construction consists of two parts: the base and the reduplicant. The base is the part that is totally or partially copied and the reduplicant is the repeated part. Total reduplication is divided into two types: pure total reduplication and added total reduplication and each of them has their own subcategories. There are two main approaches toward reduplication, phonological approach and morphological approach. In this paper we try to analyze reduplication in Tati language within the framework of the second approach.

Inkelas and Zoll (2005) introduced a model for analyzing reduplication constructions. Their model is called Morphological Doubling Theory (MDT). According to this theory, each reduplication construction consists of two daughters or two inputs (equal to the base and the reduplicant in phonological theory) and a mother node (reduplication construction). The two daughters must have the same morpho-syntactic features, however, phonological identity is not required. There is a significant hypothesis in this theory which claims that the daughters are independent, but identical at semantic levels.

This descriptive-analytical research is done within the framework of Morpholodical Doubling Theory of Inkelas and Zoll (2005). The data consist of about 150 reduplication constructions in Tati language and have been collected from written texts. The corresponding author’s language intuition was also used for providing examples. All reduplication constructions of this research have been written phonetically and divided into seven categories regarding the grammatical category of the elements involved in pure total reduplication. For each type of total reduplication some examples have been provided and semantic functions of each kind of total reduplication have been studied.

There are two types of total reduplication in Tati language: pure and added total reduplication. In pure total reduplication, only the base is totally repeated. Regarding the grammatical category of the elements engaged in pure total reduplication, we can divide it into seven subcategories. In this language, pure total reduplication of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, imperatives, phrases, sounds, or onomatopoeia can be observed. In this kind of reduplication, the grammatical category of the reduplication construction can be the same as the base or they can belong to different grammatical categories. Pure total reduplication of nouns has three patterns, and the construction can be a noun, an adverb or an adjective. Pure total reduplication of adjectives has two patterns, and the resulting construction can be an adjective or an adverb. Pure total reduplication of adverbs has only one pattern in which the final construction is an adverb too. Pure total reduplication of sounds and onomatopoeia also have one pattern in which the grammatical category of the reduplication construction is the same as the grammatical category of the base. When there is an imperative as the base in pure total reduplication, the grammatical category of reduplication construction is a noun or an adverb, so it has two patterns. If a phrase is used as the base, there will be two patterns. In the first pattern two phrases are put together as the base and the reduplicant and the result will be an adverb. In the second pattern, a phrase consisting of a numeral or /tɑ/ or /gela/ (that are two numerals in Tati) is repeated totally and the final construction is an adverb or an adjective. In added total reduplication, an element is added between the base and the reduplicant, or after the reduplicant. We will have medial added total reduplication if the element is added between the base and the reduplicant. In Tati this process is done with the preposition /be/ or the formatives /e/ and /ɑ/. In final added total reduplication, a morpheme will follow the second input or the reduplicant; and in Tati this process is done with suffixes /e/, /ere/, /ake/, /ijaj/ and /i/. Reduplication constructions in Tati are used to express meanings such as plurality, abundance, consistency, increasing and decreasing the intensity. They are also used to talk about details of an action or similar items to the base.

In this descriptive-analytical research, we described and categorized different types of total reduplication in Tati language (the Rudbari dialect) within the framework of Morphological Doubling Theory of Inkelas and Zoll (2005). The results of this study show that total reduplication in Tati is of two main types: pure total reduplication and added total reduplication. Pure total reduplication is divided into seven sub-types: pure total reduplication of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, imperatives, phrases, sounds and onomatopoeia. Added total reduplication has two sub-types: medial and final added reduplication. Medial added total reduplication in Tati is done with the preposition /be/ or the formatives /e/ and /ɑ/. Final added total reduplication has five subcategories in Tati and is done with suffixes /e/, /ere/, /ake/, /ijay/ and /i/. In Tati, reduplication in nouns shows plurality and abundance; in adjectives shows increasing and decreasing the intensity of the adjective; in adverbs shows rapidity, intensity, distance and consistency, and in verbs it is used to talk about details of an action, rapidity, intensity, continuation of an action or situation, hesitation, and similar actions to the verb. In most cases the meaning of the reduplication construction can be predicted according to the meaning of the inputs.

The northwestern branch is one of the important branches of Iranian languages, which has many subcategories. This branch has many speakers in large areas of Iran and outside Iran. Among the sub-branches of that language, we can mention Tati, Talshi, Semnani, etc. In recent decades, a lot of research has been done on Iranian languages and dialects and they are being completed every day. Henning, Yarshater, Lecoq, and Stillo have expressed good opinions about the classification of the North, North-West, and Central Iranian languages. researchers inside Iran have also published useful data about the common language in their regions in recent decades. Yarshater and Stillo have made significant classifications about the Tati family. In this article, while stating those categories, several Tati dialects that are not included in the categories of Yarshater and Stilo will be mentioned. The purpose of this research is to read the texts to identify all the dialects of the Tati language family. The main question of this research is that "the languages of the north, northwest and some of the central languages of Iran are the natural continuations of which of the languages of the ancient period of Iranian languages? The research results show that the Parthian language can be assumed as the ancestor of the Tati languages and Madi can be the ancestor of the Kurdish language. What is in this article is just a hypothesis. Of course, by examining all the species known as "Tati", a more complete opinion and classification can be reached.

The Folk literature of the Iranian people is a heritage of the people which is mostly oral and is very different from the traditional Persian literature in terms of structure and content. Folk tone, simple language, and common thoughts from illiterate people are visible in this literature. What is known as folk literature is not created by a special person and It is not known who that particular person was in the beginning. There are songs in Shahroud of Khalkhal, that have been common in this region since ancient times. These songs are being forgotten today. The topics used in these songs show the concerns of the people who create them. The main question of this article is how the thematic analysis of Tati folk literature leads us to social, political, economical, and cultural points in this region. These songs were collected in the field. The result of the research shows that folk literature is a factor in recognizing rituals, people's spirits, political-social events, and economic concerns of the people of each region.

This article investigates the spatial adpositions in Tati, analytically and descriptively, according to nanosyntax approach. Based on this approach, terminal nodes in the syntactic structure are smaller than a morpheme, i.e. one morpheme can lexicalize several terminal nodes in a syntactic tree. Tati is a postpositional language. Spatial adpositions are divided into two groups, Lexical adpositions are under the node of Axial Part Phrase and functional adpositions are in Path Phrase and Place Phrase. Based on nanosyntax approach, the syntactic structure of adpositions is [Route [ Source[ Goal[ Place[ Ax Part [KP [DP]]. In Tati, “Goal” is not phonologically expressed. So, the motion verb gives [+orientation] feature to the head of “Goal Phrase” and the morpheme which lexicalizes the head of VP, also lexicalizes the head of Goal P. The adposition for “Place”, “Source” and “Route” is -a(da). One of the principles of nanosyntax is superset principle which determines syncretism in morphemes. In Tati, the syncretism pattern is Goal≠Place=Source, which is a rare pattern among the world languages.

Tatic languages show an intricate alignment in which tens/aspectual split ergativity co-exists with differential object marking (DOM) in the same system: Ergative only appears on past transitive subjects and agreement is only possible with unmarked subjects. On the other hand, both ergative marking and accusative marking (on definite/specific objects) are expressed by the same case –oblique. The main theoretical issue that this paper addresses is how to fit together with an analysis of split ergativity and an analysis of DOM in the same language within a dependent case framework. We claim that the fundamental factor which drives the split pattern in these Tatic languages is the phasal status of the v node: Past transitive subjects get oblique dependent case upwardly from the objects inside VP since v is a soft phase head and agreement is only possible with unmarked subjects. The research methods are both field work and library method.

In Tati language, a Northwest Iranian language, there are many ancient elements and structures that are being neglected these days. In this article, two morphemes (lə- and me-) of Tati's morphemes based on the Dəravī dialect (from Shāhrūd dialects of Khalkhāl) are examined. The research question in this article addresses the function of these two morphemes. The linguistic evidence examined in this paper shows that lə- morpheme in surnames and pet names is a sign of admiration and intimacy; in some cases, it acts as definite article, and in some contexts, it is a derivative and a noun-making element. The regret morpheme me- is another morpheme reviewed in this paper. The results of the research show that this morpheme must be a combination of the first-person non-subjective connected pronoun and the interjection -e(y). This morpheme is used in a) mourning context; b) a traumatic event and a tragedy; c) surprise or ridicule. However, evidently, the main function of this morpheme was for mourning.

This paper will examine the clitics in Tati. The main objective is to know what classes ‎of ‎clitics are in this type of language; where they are attested. Their similarities to affixes ‎and ‎words are the main motivation make authors study them. The data collection is ‎based on the ‎native speakers' utterences. The clitic types in Tati are plural and ‎definiteness marker for ‎human, Ergative pronouns, enclitics, adjective and indefiniteness ‎markers, focused marker on ‎verbs, enclitic adverb, personal pronoun and case markers. ‎In this language, enclitic complex ‎predicates are the contexts on which the enclitic ‎pronouns can be used.‎‏ ‏The general properties of clitics such as host, role, stress are ‎important. On the contrary of ‎Persian, the endings of the verbs are considered as clitics. ‎The combination of some clitics is ‎possible in this language. The doubling of clitics have ‎not been allowed in Tati as well. ‎

Toponymy or the study of geographical names is one of the linguistic fields that follow specific Principles. This type of study became prevalent in the current decades; however it was not in focus, yet. Toponymy has been investigated in Iranian dialects less than Persian. Tāti is one of the northwestern Iranian languages which is spoken in Iran and outside the Iran’s borders and it has two branches, i.e., southern and northern. The study of toponymy in Tāti can help us to better understand the dialects of this language. Throughout this paper, while discussing the general issues in Iranian toponymy, the types of geographical names in Khalkhāl's Tāti spesker regions – with more focus on the Dərav village- was studied and their linguistic features have been investigated.

From the viewpoint of sociology of language, one of the important linguistic phenomena in any given society is the formation of argots and their structural description. An argot is the language or the dialect of a social group whose members like the content of their speech remains secret for other groups, or, generally, for the majority of the people in their society. From some decades ago up to now, in some villages of Khalkhāl in Ardabil Province, a language known as Arrānaji or Qarqahdili has been commonly used by male workers who went to northern regions of Iran to do carpentry. The main questions of this study are: a) What kind of language is Qarqahdili? b) Which purpose was it created for?, and c) What are its structural characteristics? The data of this field study were gathered through interviews with middle-aged men of two villages called Karnaq and Lerd. The results indicate that Qarqahdili is an argot which is used to cover occupational secrets. From phonetic, morphological, and syntactic viewpoints Qarqahdili is similar to the Tāti language of the same areas but lexically there are some differences.Save for Tāti words which have gained secret meanings, some words from Azerbaijani Turkish are also present in Qarqahdili. Data analysis indicates that a great number of taboos and sex expressions are used in the workers’ speech apparently because they are all male and far away from their families.

Tâti is one of the languages، which besides applying other means such as agreement and word order، uses case marking of dependents to show the grammatical relations in a sentence. Tâti is among the North-west Iranian languages. Tâti dialects are dispersed in some cities and villages in Ardebil، Qazvin، Zanjan and Gilan provinces. The Tâti variety studied in this article is the Dəravi variety، which is spoken in Khalkhâl. This article intends to study the case system of Dəravi. Although this variety of Tâti has retained some ancient characteristics، its case system has not been studied yet. This variety is highly endangered as its young speakers immigrate to neighboring cities in search of work، and they no longer transmit their mother language to the next generations.

Grammaticalization is the change in language whereby lexical items and constructions come in certain linguistic contexts to serve grammatical functions, and, once grammaticalized, continue to develop new grammatical functions. Classifiers typically index some perceived characteristics of the phenomenon to which the classification refers. Classifiers indicate the organization of knowledge among native speakers of a language, so they are based on common cultural aspects among speakers of that language for classifying concepts. Development of numeral classifiers in Tāti is an instance of grammaticalization. Studying numeral classifiers indicates that these words are the result of grammaticalization of a noun into a classifier. These linguistic elements have lost their lexical characteristics and instead, have gained properties of functional items. This research studies the grammaticalization process of numeral classifier "ne" in Tāti dialect of Tākestān.