جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "زبان ختنی" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

Didactic literature is considered one of the most important literary styles and one of the most fruitful literary types, which utilizes artistic expression and effective literary tools like allegory to sketch out didactic topics to convey its special message to its audience. What makes moral advice more prominent in didactic literary works is the use of these rhetorical tools by the author, who uses them to make some abstract and non-sensual concepts more tangible. In this research, I shall investigate the literary devices in the old Iranian text in Khotanese language, one of the Middle Eastern Iranian languages. Since this language is less studied and researched compared to other old Iranian languages and Western Iranian Middle languages, the present paper aims to explore the literary devices in the second chapter of Zambasta, which contains didactic topics such as teachings of Mahāyāna Buddhism. This book is considered a didactic work since using these tools in its second chapter shows how the author tries to better teach the educational topics to his addressees. Furthermore, this study shows that like other languages, Khotanese language includes such rhetorical tools.

Scientific researches about the history of Iranian language, especially from the linguistic point of view, can be made by the analysis of all ancient Iranian languages. In the scientific classification of Iranian languages, Khotanese language is included among Middle Eastern Iranian languages, which is less studied and researched in comparison with other ancient Iranian languages, and in terms of language studies, especially the topic of sentence structure it has been abandoned in Middle Eastern Iranian languages. Therefore, the present article examines the most common linguistic category related to the structure of several types of compound sentences in the second chapter of the Zambasta Book. Zambasta Book is one of the important literary works in Khotanese language. This book is an original and native composition that describes the Buddhist teachings of the Mahayana school. Investigations show that in this text, there are three types of sentences: simple, Subordinate Compound, and Coordinate Compound Sentences. In this research, following the previous article entitled "“Subordinate Compound and Coordinate Compound Sentences in Khotanese”, the structure of compound sentences, including adverbial clauses shall be investigated. Also, two other types of structures of compound sentences, known as Adnominal Relative Clauses and Participle Adjective Clauses are briefly explained. For this purpose, examples of such sentences have been collected from the second chapter of The Zambasta Book.

The book of “Zambasta” is a long poem in ancient a khotanese language, a branch of middle Eastern Iranian language. This book , containing wide set of common concepts and various aspects of Buddhism. Chapter 12 of this book is educational and includes a set of goodness and badness. The stanza which translated from Khotanese language into Persian in this article, includes the first 52 paragraph of this chapter that allocated to the description of Saṃvara (=continence, moral continence or stopping the effects of karmas or human beings previous actions). Saṃvara which considered as one of the most important steps to reach knowledge of continence and is like a guard trying continually to take man away from everything that is wrong and disagreeable, and to help him in order to reach Nirvānā (=salvation). Under the etymology of the word of Saṃvara, philosophical view about Saṃvara, steps of achievement, commitment ceremonies and conditions that lead to the loss of Saṃvara, are investigated.

Khotanese language is considered as one of the Eastern middle Iranian language and is studied less than other languages. Study of Khotanese language effectively helps in understanding tradition, culture and beliefs of people of Khotan land, thus one can understand the cultural communalities between culture of ancient Persia and India. Along this, it is necessary to study of Khotanese scripts such as Zambasta which is fraught of interpretations and concepts of Buddhist faith and include teachings of important school of this faith, namely, Mahāyāna. Twelfth chapter of this book is an educative chapter and is devoted to Samvara (ethical continence) which is the first step of reaching to redemption, and it alludes to sins that cause waning of Samvara. These sings are divided into small and major sins and each one has many sins. Avoiding these errors causes that one increase his merits and attains Nirvana which is aim of this training. This study examines the do᾿s and don᾿ts of Buddhism based on twelfth chapter of Khotanese book of Zambasta.

The discovery of autochthonous documents in the region of Khotan and the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas, on Chinese high-quality paper and by Western and Chinese discovery team at the end of 19th century and early 20th, has inaugurated a new chapter in the history of Khotan. The study of these documents which were written in a less-known Iranian language and contained Sanskrit and Prakrit terminology of literature, science, administration, politics, medicine etc; has shed light to the historical and cultural background of Khotan. The Chinese pilgrims in the 5th century have mentioned rituals that are Indian and Buddhist. However ancient Iranian beliefs were popular before the start of Buddhism and especially Mahāyāna school. Khotanese literature demonstrates traces of this progression.

Cognitive science has found out that languages typically make use of conceptual metaphors to concretize abstract meanings. Conceptual metaphor explains a target domain which is abstract via a source domain which is concrete. In other words، conceptual metaphor compares an abstract domain with a concrete one and thus makes it understandable for listeners/readers. This article studies the conceptual metaphors used in an ancient text in Khotanese language. Khotanese is an Eastern Middle Iranian language. The text is the 20th chapter of the book of Zambasta، which contains valuable Buddhist poems. The 20th chapter contains advices of Buddha to young monks. Buddha wishes to teach these monks his complicated teachings and thus he may have made use of various conceptual metaphors in order to concretize his teachings. This article primarily shows that Khotanese، like all other languages، has profited from conceptual metaphors. Also، this article attempts to render a better understanding of Buddha''s teachings explained in this chapter.