جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « طرح واره ساختی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

The purpose of the current research is to investigate the compound words ending in “puʃ” in Persian language within the construction morphology framework (Booij, 2010, 2015). In this regard, the constructional schemas and subschemas related to words ending in “puʃ” were identified and analyzed, their polysemous network was drawn and their semantic variations were explained. Research data have been extracted from various sources, including Dehkhoda dictionary, Sokhan dictionary (Anvari, 1381), Zanso ditionary (Keshani, 1372) and Persian orthography dictionary (Sadeghi and Zandi-Moghadam, 1391). The results of the research showed that the present tense stem “puʃ” can be combined with words from grammatical categories including nouns, adjectives and adverbs. In these compounds, “puʃ” can be the present tense stem of two different verbs “puʃidan (to wear)” and the other is its causative form “puʃãndan (to cover)”. Compounds ending in “puʃ”, meaning “puʃidan”, are placed in the two semantic categories of agent and property (human, non-human creature, thing and place). Compounds ending in “puʃ”, meaning “puʃãndan”, are placed in three semantic categories: agent, property (human, thing and place) and instrument. The results of the investigations also show that the polysemy of words ending in “puʃ” is caused by 4 different factors. The first factor is the two-facedness of “puʃ” (the infinitives of two separate verbs of “puʃidan” and “puʃãndan”). The second factor is the metaphorical expansion of the meaning of “puʃãndan”, which in some words is equivalent to hiding and not revealing, and not physical covering. The third factor is descriptive deletion, which causes the accompanying adjective to become a noun. The fourth factor is borrowing, which can be seen in many words approved by the Persian Language and Literature Academy.

The present study aims at examining the patterns of Persian compound verbs formation with “ցereftæn” light verb and their polysemy based on Construction Morphology theory (Booij, 2010a & b). The data of this study which includes 300 compound verbs with the light verb "ցereftæn" are gathered from Zanso dictionary (Keshani, 1994), Sokhan (2002), syntactic valency lexicon for Persian verbs corpus (Moloudi, Kouhestani and Rasouli, 2011), Persian calligraphy spelling dictionary (Sadeghi and Zandi Moghaddam, 2016), and Persian online dictionary. To explain the polysemy between the compound verbs and to recognize their construction pattern, by accepting the idea of using the concept of structural scheme and sub-scheme, all meanings to each pattern of formation of these verbs in the form of sub-scheme was drawn separately. However, these structural sub-schemas were at different levels of abstraction. According to the concepts of default inheritance, the motivation and hierarchy of lexicon, all structural sub-schemas were placed under a high-order general abstract scheme. The results showed that the polysemy analysis of linguistic units within construction morphology framework, cognitive approach, construction-based and "word-based" which occurred at the abstract level of the structural scheme. For compound verbs formation with “ցereftæn” light verb, seven general structural schemes were identified and plotted, each of which was divided into several structural sub-schemes. Finally, a complete network and hierarchy of these construction schemas were presented.

“nɑme”-last complex words have rarely been examined in Persian morphology. In this study, examining the function of “nɑme” in the word-formation of Complex words which is embedded as a shared constituent, the polysemous patterns have been analyzed in the framework of construction morphology (Booij, 2010). To fulfill this purpose, 102 “nɑme”-last complex words have been gathered from 3 Persian dictionaries including Zansoo (1994), Sokhan (2003), and Dehkhoda (1999) which have been classified in 12 extensions of meaning, adopting generalized holistic constructional schema which govern less abstract subschemas as meaning extensions derived from conceptual mechanisms. Achievements depicted that image schemas, metonymy, and metaphor are the chief forces in getting “nɑme”, polysemous in the examined complex words. Additionally, the other possibilities such as bound meaning in terms of constructional idiom, hierarchical lexicon, and default inheritance contributed by construction morphology indicated that “nɑme”-last complex words are governed by the so-called constructional idiom as a kind of constructional schema in which a fixed lexical unit with bound meaning is embedded. This justifies how “nɑme” is positioned in the fuzzy boundary between compounding and derivation as a “affixoid” which is grammaticalizing.

In our ordinary and everyday speech and in the informal and colloquial contexts in general, we encounter the use of constructions, in which two verbs appear in a “verb-verb” situation, thus making a complex predicate construction, such as "kešid bordeš", "gereft xabid", and "daram miravam". All these three constructions have a common feature of adjacency of verbs, in which one verb has a matrix function and the other has a dependent function. Thus, in the present study, they were studied under the title of "adjacent verbs". The authors believed that the “Role and Reference Grammar (RRG)” would provide a useful theoretical framework for better understanding of the “construction of adjacent verbs”. In RRG, all linguistic constructions are explained in three dimensions: syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic (focus structure). Accordingly, in the present paper, we first classified the different types of adjacent verbs and then discussed their features. It starts by identifying the syntactic, semantic, and focus structure representations will be discussed and then, the constructional scheme of adjacent verbs in Persian will be represented.

This study investigated the semantic variations of the compound words ending in yɑb‘find’ in Persian based on Construction morphology.For this purpose,the words concerned were collected from Persian synchronic and diachronic corpora.These words weredivided into three semantic categories of the characteristics of a human/non-human agent,instrument and personagent nouns,and belongto the two main lexical categories of adjective and noun.The diachronic investigation of the words revealed that the traditional hypothesis of the extension of the concept of agent to instrument was not applied in Persian.Rather,the noun ellipsis was involved in the formation of the two concepts of agent and instrument from the concept of the characteristics of the human/non-human agent in Persian. The loan translation of some words of English into Persian has been influential in the occurrence of such a process.The findings of this study revealed that the initial meaning of the construction should be considered as“the distinguishing characteristic of the entity related to the concept of finding and the first component”which is the most abstract correlation between form and meaning controlling the function of the compound words of[x-[yɑ̃b]VPRES] construction in Persian.It seems that the “person” noun ellipsis has led to the formation of a schema with the meaning of“an agent performing the task of finding in relation to the concept of the first component”.A similar schema was used in the formation of the instrument schema with the meaning of “an object performing the task of finding in relation to the concept of the first component” through the applicationof the“device/software” noun ellipsis.

In Persian, two processes of derivation and compounding are used in a generative way to form new words. Thus, in this paper, in addition to analyzing complex words in Persian in construction morphology and lexical morphology /phonology, it is also tried to answer this question that which model is more effective in the analysis of complex Persian words? According to this question, the following hypothesis is proposed: ‘since construction morphology takes advantage of abstract morphological schemas, it would be more effective to construct hierarchical complex words and to present a semantic analysis of this model in the analysis of complex Persian words.’ Two main processes of compounding and derivation in construction morphology and lexical morphology /phonology were examined with regard to Persian data, comparing them with each other and studying irregular cases in lexical morphology/phonology. The results showed that the above-mentioned models both have a word-based approach to morphology. However, construction morphology, taking advantage of construction concept as the pairing of form and meaning in the analysis of morphological phenomena, proposing abstract schema for word formation patterns, hierarchical formation of complex words and the possibility of justifying their meanings especially endocentric compounds, is more effective than lexical morphology in the analysis of complex words based on Persian data and therefore the hypothesis of the study is accepted.

Default inheritance is one of the critical notions in network approaches to language which considers linguistic knowledge to be comprised of constructional nodes at different levels of abstraction and hierarchical relations among them. Based on this mechanism, properties are inherited from higher to lower nodes unless the lower node already has other specifications for the property. The importance of this mechanism becomes evident when describing a set of linguistic constructions which show some differences despite having common features. The use of default inheritance enables us not only to maintain the generalizations governing similar constructions, but also to justify the differences among them. It also makes it possible to show the connectedness of such constructions in the language network without the need for labeling the slightly deviated instances as exceptional. Through applying a construction-based morphology and focusing on the interpretation of default inheritance as motivation, the present paper tries to explain the role of word formation patterns in the production and understanding of complex words which do not necessarily correspond to their governing patterns regarding all their form-meaning specifications. To this end, instantiations of three Persian word formation patterns, «-zɑr», «-eʃ» and «ɑmiz», are investigated and the existence of apparently exceptional instances associated with these patterns is justified through three concepts of constructional schemas, default inheritance and gradient motivation.