جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « عدم قطعیت معنا » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Postmodern poetry or lyric is one of the contemporary poetic styles in which the poet uses various literary and rhetorical techniques to express his meanings poetically. It abounds in contradictions, and the audience faces multiple meanings and wanders in a world of contrasts. Since contrasts form the basis of the human mental structure, examining them can help to better understand literary works. The study of contrasts and their deconstruction is somehow related to the postmodern style of poetry and sonnet. In other words, contrasts introduce different meanings in the poem. The present descriptive-analytical research seeks to find out what tricks these contrasts play in sonnets and how they lead to semantic and, consequently, the uncertainty of meaning. It is concluded that contradiction, ambiguity and humor are among the consequential functions of contrast. Also, all of these cases alone or when overlapped push Hafez's sonnets close to postmodernism.

Classical Persian literature, like other types of art, needs new facilities and talents to convince the reader; Capacities that can hold today's sensitive and diverse reader and give a convincing answer to his political, social and psychological concerns. It seems that contemporary and non-native literary theories, which have been ironically designed to respond to the extravagance and diversity of the good reader, have the ability to revive the neglected and hidden capacities of classical works. Postmodernism and its key and special component, "Uncertainty" from the middle of the twentieth century until now, in various fields of art - architecture, film, painting, literature, theater, calligraphy, etc. - more than other approaches, debate has created contradictory academic and non-academic backgrounds. This theory seeks, above all, skepticism in macro-cultural, religious, literary, historical, political, and social narratives, as well as attempts at descriptions and new and capacity-building. Mantehq al-Tair Attar is one of the good, strong and capable works of Persian literature. This valuable book, with all the academic and non-academic critiques and controversies surrounding it, still has the energy to make sense of convince today's readers.

Postmodernism is one of the theories that escapes the service of hegemonic ideologies and claims to hate imitation and limiting expectations. Postmodernism is the end of macro-narratives and, in general, the end of mono-narrative and absolute thinking. Postmodernism favors giving way to multiple sub-narratives. In this article, we have tried to reach less familiar readings of the story of Simorgh in the Mantehq al-Tair by applying this theory. Obviously, if we talk about the story of Simorgh, we mean that these postmodernist readings may not fit the details of the stories in Mantehq al-Tair and the pragmatic view of Mantehq al-Tair rejects such readings, but in a big way and based on the story of Simorgh and the birds, it can support and acknowledge new semantic horizons. The story of Simorgh in Mantehq al-Tair, as much as it has energy to establish and confirm metaphysical and mystical beliefs and interpretations, also has the necessary interpretive power and ability to be able to create doubts and hesitations in these beliefs without being accused of inaction and inaction.

Mantehq al-Tair Attar is one of the good, strong and capable works of Persian literature. This valuable book, with all the academic and non-academic critiques and controversies surrounding it, still has the energy to make sense of and convince today's readers. Attar, with the story of Simorgh in Mantehq al-Tair, seeks to teach how and describe a cultural, civic, public, and political action. At the end of the story of Mantehq al-Tair, when the birds realize that there is no news about Simorgh and that his presence was just a kind of imagination, a kind of dynamic realism and pragmatism arises in them and they realize that they are "thirty chickens" and They have to decide their own destiny, and their expectation is shaken by external godly forces and metaphysical controls. At the end of the story, the birds in Simorgh's story seek to get out of passivity and make an impact. Their collective identity in the form of "Thirty Chickens" has moved away from passivity and subjectivity, and they have become influential actors and actors, and the quantitative concern of the beginning of the story has finally been sublimated to the qualitative, epistemological, and cognitive concerns. The end of this story, in a dramatic and innovative way, shows the vain expectation of a group of birds who, disappointed with the existence of a cosmic and saving creature, realize that such a creature has no external existence and that their search was purely for search and futility. Birds that have grown up over the years believing that a cosmic and extraterrestrial being is thinking of managing their affairs and that its place is at the top of Mount Qaf, now realize that this creature - Simorgh - has no external existence at all and only it was an idea that completed their narrative of worldly life. In fact, the story of Simorgh and the birds in Mantehq al-Tair promotes a kind of collective authority that can be a source of real and lasting power that is productive and constructive, and integrates all capacities and civil institutions in the network of power so that it can somehow Reach a single identity and mentality; As the birds reached this unique identity at the end of the story. "Thirty chickens" reach Qaf Mountain and find that by removing the source of the unit of power and dictatorship - Simorgh - as well as the spread of power in civil institutions - Thirty chickens - a kind of identity and authority is produced that is more efficient, capable and durable. And can be considered a more up-to-date reading of the category of power.

Mantagh-al-Tair and its strong plot are specific texts that it is powerful and effective that it can receive different and sometimes contradictory semantic horizons and talk to countless receivers and audiences. Postmodern readings of the story of Simorgh and other birds in the Mantagh-al-Tair show that there are active and up-to-date semantic allusions and implications in this story that can turn it into a transcendental "hypertext". Considering the dynamism and nature of dialogue and flexibility of Mantagh-al-Tair, can be said that "pluralism", "collective action", "self-knowledge and collective perfectionism", "death of God", "the absence of words and vain human expectation", The "disintegration of social classes," the "decentralization of power and its dissemination," the "transformation of the values ​​of survival into the values ​​of assertiveness," are new semantic fields and horizons that are the product of a postmodernist and, of course, nonprofit and non-fanatical view of this. It is a unique text.

Identify the meaning and semantic connotation is the most important reserchers noteworthy issues. Abd -Al- quhir Al- jurjani is among reserchers who was attended to this subject. He exhibite the meaning of meaning theory pending on pitching the compilers purpose in knowing the texts meaning. This theory is the reson for distiniction between slang and poetic language and added a second meaning to the didactic text. In resent decads structuralism and decanstructisms make the new methods replace text comprehention with reversalling this theoy. structuralism know enough text in undrstanding the meaning and decanstruct surrender undrstanding the meaning to the reader and introduce the multiplicity study or writer death.
Theorycal framwork: Each reserch has a reserchical structer aod theorical frame that is reserched duration it and after serching the key and formal words the resualt get earn. It can be said that ablo to gething signficance from the text ,have the specific position in didactic reserchs and language studie Arabs resercher have done extended reserchs about meaning of meaning theory and have added wew appinions to it. Western reserchers made basics changes in significance and introduction of two structuralism and decanstructisms.
Presen reserch has aim to peruse proces of vicissitude meaninig of meaning from the first up to now and three discovering the significance methods existance in text: dominate the writer's porpuose in text (meaning of meaning) structure dominate (structuralism) and significance unpragmatism (Deconstruct). It can be said this topic is because of compartivecar study between this three new theory and hasnt been accomplished as it up to now .In continuance will be exhibit a briefe explanation about upon three methods.
a) Meaning of meaning: in this method the second and unright signficance become deliberate with standing on metaphor, Allegory and metonymy. This metpde has belived that can discover the main porpose and scompe in the text.
b) Structuralism: in this methode significance undrstanding without contemplate historical, social, political and caltural problems contemplate that is dominate on text and writers days.
c) decanstructisms: in this methode writer is a person who undrstand the significance and currect significance is that reader could undrestand it. Decanstruct dont give up any worthy for writer. decanstruct signify the unpragmatism theory with discuss the writer death theory in which each text is contain thousands significance based on writers undrestand.
Consequnt and discription the subject: Meaning of meaning is a lable that was invented for the first time by Abd-Al-quhir Al-jurnani ; this theory is pending on gamut pronunciation means metaphor, simile, allegory and metonymy and practice for the levele after the first significance. Roots of this theory exist on the thoughtfuls letters befor Abd-Al-qahir Al-jurjani under the title like "second significance". Current reviewers use other new terminoloy like: single significance and far functions insted of meaning of meaning.
Significance is an esoteric point in text that three upon isms thoughtful's have tried to undrestand it. Meaning of meaning has many diffrences with two structuralism and deconstructuralism as a first significance Try for discovering the meaning in text with two deconstruct and structuralism isms. This theory know the writer and his purpose undrstand significance based in text and has belive to significance twosome in one text ond possibility to discovering clear significance via undrstanding writer's purpose , but structuralism and deconstruct dont give up any prestige for meaning and meaning. Structuralism is based on text way in knowing significance and deconstruct is stand on writer realization for discovering text signiffance and know the writer death theory and unpragmatism significanc as index for undrstanding available significance in text.
Per this two isms, existance two significance spectrum and create dont have any places in knowing the meaning come from text.

Postmodernism in the contemporary world anxiously searches the trace of pessimistic view which crop up by some of modernists previously. This view point could be acknowledged as one kind of reflection in opposition to modernism honored toward technology and power of knowledge. Postmodernism in the literature area come to result with some sort of reproduction and imitation so that creativity and novelty were knocked down and literary genres were imitated and creation was forgotten. Rulers and principles were invalid. In the end, postmodernism could be accepted as narrative style which fluidity, transiently, intertxtuality, anti-narrative, disarrangement, mixture, discrepancy and decomposition are more important feature of this movement. Forough as distinguished poet in the Persian literature could be accepted as postmodernism poet so that during the composition of “Second berth” and “belief and trust on winter as a cold season” the reader can trace the clues of postmodernism in this volumes. Intertxtualiy, blank writing, Paranovia, absurdity, irony, uncertainty and inconsistency are famous sign which could be mapped out in her poetry. This article launches a trip for understanding and establishes the following of Forough to postmodernism’s as influential movement.