جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فرایندهای واجی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Analyzing supplmented and applied language and linking it with social concepts is one of the main goals of Critical Discourse Analysis and Norman Fairclough emphasizes "change" in analyzing the factor of critical discourse using the same goal. Among the excellent examples of this type of usage, we can mention the changes and evolutions of phonological processes in the new poems of Mahdi Akhavan Sales (M. Omid). The purpose of compiling this article, in which the method of collecting information is library, the method of data analysis is qualitative and the reasoning method is inductive, is to classify the phonological processes of reduction and reduplication in the new poems of Mahdi Akhavan Sales, and the critical discourse analysis is based on the triple models of Norman Farclough that is description, interpretation and explanation, so that the unsaid and white lines of the application of these processes in the new poems of Mahdi Akhavan Sales can be determined in this way. Processes that the poet in his conscious mind apparently did not pay any attention to the frequency of their use, but only tried to make the language of his native people serve to express concepts by using archaism and nativism and the literary backgrounds of Khorasani 's style; But the high frequency of using the phonological process of reduction compared to the phonological process of reduplication should be searched in the unconscious of the poet and his actions and socio-political approach and ideology of his era.

Sonority Sequencing Principle and conspiracy in Persian in Optimality Theory Abstract In the framework of Optimality Theory (OT) proposed by Prince and Smolensky (2004) and by citing some evidence of Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP) in Persian, this study aims to investigate conspiracy in this language. SSP is a universal tendency in the order of components within a syllable, whereby the sonority scale in the sequence of components in onset is ascending but in coda it is descending. In some cases, to achieve this principle, some different phonological processes conspire. In OT, conspiracy indicates the functional unity of several different phonological processes that pursue the same structural goal. In this descriptive-analytic study which is based on both library and field research, 204 CVCC words violating SSP have been studied. The analysis of the data firstly illustrates that derivative rules cannot show the functional unity of different phonological processes, then in the framework of OT and by depicting optimality tableaus, it is shown how some different phonological processes in Persian (such as deletion, insertion and metathesis), although leading to different outcomes, conspire to achieve one common goal i.e. SSP. Moreover, it is confirmed that SSP is not solely limited to syllables containing long vowels, but it applies to many syllables including short vowels as well.

The present study is allocated to the investigation of the phonological process of fortition in some dialects of Isfahan province. In order to accomplish this research, the data of twenty-four dialects which are common in Isfahan province, and especially in Kashan and Natanz regions have been examined. The studied dialects are among the Central dialects of Iran. The phonological process of fortition has different types such as devoicing, stopping, insertion, gemination, etc. Different types of which are used in the studied dialects. In this research, an attempt is made to determine the types of phonological processes of fortition in some dialects of Isfahan, Kashan, and Natanz, and to determine their extent and frequency. It has been also tried to regulate in which contexts and places the fortition process takes places. The current research method is descriptive-analytical one. Some of the results of this research are: 1) The most frequent phonetic process of fortition in the examined dialects is devoicing. 2) Stopping is the second common strengthening process in these dialects. 3) The phonetic process of insertion is also a very common phenomenon in the studied dialects, and consonant insertion is more frequent than vowel insertion.

Hearing impaired children tend to use phonological processes and simplify words in speech due to hearing disorders. Sarhadi Balochi dialect hearing-impaired children are no exception to this rule. Meanwhile, the role of dialects in diagnosing hearing disorders and teaching these children is ignored. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to investigate the phonological processes of deletion of Sarhadi Balochi dialect hearing impaired children based on the theory of autosegmental phonology.

The current research is descriptive-analytical. In order to carry out the present study, 8 girls and 8 boys with hearing impairments who speak Sarhadi and live in Zahedan, were randomly selected. Linguistic data were collected through the researcher's booklet and then transcribed. The processes in the speech of these children were analyzed and described based on McCarthy's (1988) delinking principle.

The findings showed that Sarhadi Balochi dialect hearing-impaired children tend to delete coronal-back consonants at the beginning of the syllable, in an environment where there is a back vowel after these consonants. Also, in some cases, these children delete the final consonant, and in the process of cluster reduction, they tend to keep the sonorant and unmarked consonant. Finally, devoicing in the ending of the word was also observed in their speech.

In the introductory course of the Russian language, the subject of spelling is one of the most important pillars for writing skills. Since Russian is a morphological language, morphological endings of names, adjectives, numbers, pronouns, etc., change according to their grammatical role in the sentence. Therefore, knowing the correct form of words is very important in spelling and sentence construction. Meanwhile, the occurrence of errors in the spelling of Russian words by Persian-speaking learners of Russian is obvious and inevitable. The present article examines and analyzes the spelling errors of 51 Persian-speaking Russian learners at the elementary level of Russian language in universities of Guilan, Isfahan and Gonbad. In this study, first the type of errors, frequency and causes of their occurrence were identified and then the correct form of errors was determined. The results showed that the highest frequency of spelling errors is related to the errors of the "vowel replacement process" and the errors of phonological processes, including the processes of "converting consonants", "deleting", and "homogeneity".

Abdolmaleki is spoken by a tribe in coastal part of Miankaleh, Behshahr. This dialect is somewhat different from other Orami dialects, common in Kermanshah, due to remoteness from its origin, Horaman. In this study, after describing syllabic structure of Abdolmaleki dialect, some of its most important phonological processes in common words with standard Persian have been examined. After analyzing each process, specific rule is presented. Applying a descriptive-analytic method, the data is analyzed within generative phonology and optimality theory. Some of the results are: 1. The syllabic structure of Abdolmaleki dialect consists of eight syllables; 2. At the beginning of the syllable, there may be a consonant cluster; 3. Various phonological processes such as assimilation, dissimilation, deletion, insertion, weakening, and metathesis are active; 4. The sequence of two consonants / n / and / d / is not used in the speech; 5. In analyzing the metathesis process, three limitations of linearity, SCL, and SSP are involved; 6. In the weakening process, lazy restriction has priority over all restraints.

This research studies the phonological processes of assimilation, voicing, glide affrication, metathesis and elision in Persian language based on Vennemannʹs approach to linguistic change to improve syllable structure and using the concepts of “consonantal strength” and the “preference laws” for syllable structure. Thus, the assimilation process has been analyzed with justification to the synchronic maxim and other processes with justification to the diachronic maxim. More than 2000 middle and modern Persian words from different Pahlavi dictionaries and authorsʹ linguistic intuition as Persian speakers were gathered to do diachronic and synchronic analysis. Some of the research findings are: 1. The mentioned processes have occurred based on the preference laws to improve syllable structure. 2. The consonantal strength has a driving role on occurring these processes diachronically and synchronically. 3. There are less preferred structures in terms of the preference laws in middle Persian language based on diachronic maxim.

Languages ​​have different dialects and accents due to the dispersal of speakers and their historical developments. Each language has its own three substructures of phonology, morphology and syntax. In this research, the linguistic term "variety" is used, which is a neutral term. Kordali variety belongs to the Kurdish language family. The data of this study were collected with the aim of phonological description of phonological system, morphological description of lexical system and syntactic description of grammatical system of Kordali speakers living in Dehloran city of Ilam province. This study is presented by descriptive-analytical method and the research method has been done in both library and field. Field research was conducted in the form of face-to-face interviews with 12 informants. The data were transliterated into the IPA2020 transliteration alphabet, and the phonology section was analyzed based on the Prague School of Phonetics. The morphological and syntactic analysis in this study is based on the book "The grammar of Persian language 1st". The results show that Kordali variety has 9 vowels and 28 consonants. All kinds of verbs except two-dimensional verbs and impersonal verbs, and all kinds of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, adverbs, pseudo-sentences and function words, as well as all types of declarative, interrogatives, expressive, imperative, simple and complex sentences are also found in this variety of language.

Tabasi dialect is the vernacular spoken in Tabas, one of the cities in Khorasan province, Iran. In the present article, the aim is to study some phonological processes of this variety. The data were gathered by field study and written sources. The data from field study were collected via interviews with the local informants settled in Tabas. The informants age ranged between 30 to 80 years. Generally, the results showed that the process of "elision" and "assimilation", “metathesis” and “prothesis” are some of the phonological ones in this variety. Other phonological processes in this variety are mentioned as well. In Tabasi dialect, deletion of the final consonants /d/, /m/, /n/, /t/, /k/, /z/; deletion of the final vowel [y]; addition of a vowel at the beginning of a cluster consonant; changing the phonetic group [ān] and [ām] to [u(n)] and [um]; exchanging the two phonemes [āb] and [ab] and [af] and [āy] and [āv] and the compound vowel [əw] are some of the phonological processes.

This article investigates Tajvid phonological patterns, namely Izhar, Idgham, Ighlab and Ikhfa based on laboratory methodology. To this end, a corpus of Quranic verses read by 12 Qari (three native Arabic and 9 Iranian subjects) at two different rates of speech, namely Tahghigh and Tartil, was designed and gathered. The target words in the verses were those in which the coronal nasal consonant /n/ was placed always in word-final position before words starting either with a pharyngeal/glottal consonant /?،h،Ä،X،ð،À/ (Izhar), Yarmalun phonemes, namely /j،r،m،l،w،n/ (Idgham), the labial stop /b/ (Ighlab), or any consonant other than the three groups of consonants mentioned above (Ikhfa). Analyses were conducted on both the frequency and duration of the speech signals. Results suggested that Idgham and Ighlab follow one single phonological process whereby /n/ is assimilated to the place and manner of the following consonant while it retains its [+nasal] phonetic feature. /n/ in Izhar before pharyngeal/glottal consonants is realized as a typical coronal nasal, and in Ikhfa, it is not realized at all and is recognizable only through nasalization of the preceding vowel. Overall, based on the results of the study, we propose a new classification of Tajvid phonological patterns.

Borrowing words from one language to another has always happened. some words both in meaning and in pronunciation may change from the source language to the destination language over time and in the process of borrowing. Laki is one of the ancient languages  observed in the provinces of Lorestan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Central Hamedan, Khuzestan and Qazvin. Geographically, they are located between Lorraine and Kurdish lands. The main centers of Laki speakers are the cities of Selseleh (Aleshtar), Noorabad (Delfan), Kuhdasht and Darhshahr. There are some words in Laki whose roots can be found in Arabic. The purpose of writing this article is to study the meaning and phonological processes of Arabic words involved in Laki (the language of a part of the people of the west of Iran) in the framework of reproductive phonology. The method of work in this research is descriptive-analytical in which a limited number of words have been examined and have been transliterated based on IPA international transliteration. The results of the study indicate that the most important phonological processes in Arabic to Laki words are the process of omition, weakening, inserting vowel enhancement and recurrence. In the semantic study of words, it was found that some words such as " baua, hap, huz, hwal, Xef, zaqom, Rasan, etc." indicate the same Arabic meaning, some words such as "Lakh" have intensified their meaning and some words in Laki, like "Vera", they adhere to one of the past meanings of the Arabic language, which is in opposition to the modern meaning (in Arabic).

The purpose of this study is to investigate those phonological processes, speakers of Persian language and some of Iranian dialects use in order to observe the sonority sequencing principle (SSP) and the syllable contact law (SCL). Among the questions we would like answer the following questions: 1. what phonological processes are used by the speakers of Persian language and some types of Iranian languages in order to observe the sonority sequencing principle and the syllable contact law and 2. What effect does the syllable number of the word have on the application of phonological processes?. Based on the mentioned questions, these hypotheses can be made: 1. the speakers of language use the phonological processes of compensatory lengthening, metathesis, insertion, deletion and substitution in order to observe the sonority sequencing principle and the syllable contact law 2. The syllable number of the simple words does not have any effect on the application of phonological processes. However, in order to do this research, data of Persian language are collected from the spoken language of the speakers. Then, their phonological forms are compared with Moshiri’s dictionary (2008). Data of Kordi Hurami dialect are gathered through interview with the speakers and data of Lafuri, Torbat Heidariye and Sabzevari dialects are extracted from Kambuziya (2006). Out of 1125 gathered simple words that do not conform to the SSP and the SCL, the phonological processes of chr('39')compensatory lengtheningchr('39'), chr('39')metathesischr('39'), chr('39')insertionchr('39'), chr('39')deletionchr('39') and chr('39')substitution of a phonological unit with another phonological unitchr('39') are applied to 357 words by language speakers. In sum, the frequency analysis of data shows that:The deletion of the glottal consonants / ʔ / and / h / is more frequent in the two syllable words. In other words, this process occurs in 66/19 percent of disyllabic words, 23/94 percent of tri syllabic words and 9/85 percent of one syllable words. Furthermore, the constraint hierarchy for the phonological process of deletion of the glottal consonants and the compensatory lengthening of a vowel can be illustrated as: SON-SEQ>> No cluster-glottal, MAX-μ >> MAX-IO. The phonological process of metathesis is more frequent in the disyllabic words. This process occurs in 65/74 percent of two syllable words, 25 percent of monosyllabic words and 9/25 percent of three syllable words. In addition, the constraint hierarchy for the application of metathesis can be shown as: SON-SEQ>> LINEARITY and SCL>> LINEARITY. The process of insertion is more frequent in the disyllabicwords. This process occurs in 96/87 percent of disyllabic words and in 3/12 percent of monosyllabic words. The constraint hierarchy of this process can be indicated as: SON-SEQ>> DEP-IO. An investigation of the extracted Persian simple words shows that the sonority sequencing principle is not observed in 24 words with the structure of /CVC1C2 / . In these cases, the process of deletion is not applied. When the speakers use these monosyllabic simple words in combination with other linguistic elements, the deletion of the final consonant occurs. However, the constraint hierarchy of this process can be illustrated as: SON-SEQ>> MAX-IO. The process of substitution occurs in some words of kordi Hurami dialect. In other words, when the sonority sequencing principle is not observed in the initial consonant cluster, the second member of the cluster which is less sonorant than the first member is substituted with another consonant which is more sonorant than the first member. The constraint hierarchy of this phonological process can be shown as: SON-SEQ>> *STOP/#C >> IDENT (manner). Thus, it can be argued that these processes are applied to mono, di and tri syllabic words among which the frequency of disyllabic words is more than that of one and tri syllabic words.

The Arab tribes inhabited throughout the Arabian Peninsula and had a sedentary life. Some of them were sedentary tribes while others were nomadic tribes seeking for water and food in the desert. Undoubtedly, the nomadic tribes who lived in the desert had their own way of pronouncing words, which were different from the way of sedentary tribes and had a great effect on the variety of Arabic accents and the characteristics of each one. Some pronunciations were included in the elements of the language of the tribe and in the lexical domain of the Holy Qur'an, and in a region the pronunciation of a word was with a letter which was other than the letter used in another region. In the framework of historical linguistics and in order to determine the role of culture and region in the phonemes of the Arabic language the goal of this study is to scrutinize the phonetic changes of Arabic language in the context of the Holy Qur'an according to Ibdāl which is a phonological process.
Research methodology is descriptive. First, we peruse the Arab motives to pronounce a letter in a different way. Then by assessing the human geography and Arabic language Tajweed, we try to find the origin of the phenomenon of Ibdāl, and thereafter, examine the phonetic system of Arabic language vowels that have same place of pronunciation or common characteristics. Then, we will study the phenomenon with regard to the former and latter letter. By giving examples of Ibdāl, we will understand the role and contribution of the tribes in such processes.

The purpose of this paper is to study some of the most important phonological processes in the Boroujerdi dialect of Lori's language. To understand how changes are made for readers not familiar with the dialect, we compare the research data with the standard Persian language. The data used in the research are derived from the words, sentences and phrases of conversations used by the informants. Data are transcribed based on the IPA International alphabet. This research uses a descriptive-analytic method to describe and explain some phonological processes in the dialect in a generative phonology framework and also on the basis of the optimality theory. Processes such as assimilation, dissimilation, weakening, elision, and metathesis will be studied. The results indicate that there is no fortition process in the dialect, but many processes related to assimilation and lenition.

Auto-segmental phonology is a continuation of research in generative phonology framework firstly proposed by Goldsmith in 1976. In auto-segmental phonology, phonological representation comes out of the linear mode and it is explained in form of network and hierarchy. Accordingly, in auto-segmental phonology, the focus is on the changes which phonological rules can do on the organization of phonological realizations. In auto-segmental phonology, realizations are not as the simple phonological elements which include all phonological rules at the same level, anymore. In auto-segmental phonology, phonological rules not only affect phonological elements, but also influence the manner of the relation of elements in different layers. This research aims to investigate the phonological process of vowels harmony in Gilaki dialect in Rasht on the basis of auto-segmental phonology. The research method is both descriptive and analytical. The data have been collected by field study method. The results revealed that auto-segmental phonology, itself, was able to explain and represent the phonological process of vowel harmony in Gilaki dialect of Rasht.

The purpose of the present article is to investigate some phonological processes such as consonantal fronting, spirantization, initial insertion, non-contiguous assimilation, debuccalization, stopping and final devoicing in Roudbari language variety (Islam Abad), within the framework of optimality theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993; 2004). This research was carried out based on a descriptive-analytic method. To collect data, 10 native informants (5 women and 5 men in the ages from 45 to 80, from low literate/ illiterate to educated) have been interviewed. Also, some available sources on Roudbari language variety were used. To investigate, describe and analyze the data, the most important dominant constrains over optimal surfaces have been explained for each of the phonological processes examined in this research within the given framework of optimality theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993; 2004). These explanations have been provided through giving the reason for constrains responsible for the occurrence of these processes and their rankings. Description and ranking of constraints indicate that constraints *G and ONSET are never violated and always are posited at the highest rank of optimality tableau.

The main concern of this article is to analyze the assimilation process between consonants of 15 various languages of Fars Province such as Shirazi, Shurabi, Kazeruni, Davani, Abduyi, Mamassani, Papuni, Richi, Birovakani, Dadenjani, Mehbodi, Zaxoruyei, Ghalati, Lari and Xonji based on the generative phonology. Data required for conducting this research have been extracted from the written documents such as books, theses, and also articles. In addition, if this type of research requires more extended data or verifying their collected data, the writer interviewed with the informants of the mentioned varieties of languages and records their speeches. Some of the main results are as follows: 1. Assimilation in consonantal clusters /-st/ and /-nb/ are more frequent than other clusters in the mentioned 15 varieties of languages. 2. In these 15 varieties, assimilation in manner of articulation is more frequent than other features such as place of articulation or voicing. 3. Progressive and partial assimilation are more common than regressive and total integration. 4. In these varieties of languages, in consonants assimilation of two-consonantal sequences, the sonorant consonant is always more dominant. 5. In consonants assimilation within these varieties, assimilation among consonants with the same place of articulation is always results in total assimilation and consequently yields fake germination.

Tālishi is one of the northwestern Iranian dialects, spoken in southwest borders of Caspian Sea in Guilān, and also in Ardebil and the Republic of Azerbāijān. Considering dialectical and geographical characteristics, it can be classified into three major groups: northern, central and southern. No linguistic description about Anbarāni variety of northern Tālishi dialect has yet been carried out, while it’s an endangered Iranian dialect, saving characteristics of old and middle Persian. In this paper, the most frequent phonological processes of northern Tāti (Anbarāni variety) have been investigated according to changes from Old Persian and compared to Modern Persian. The phonological processes included final vowel omission, raising, centralization, length reduction, weakening or lenition amd strengthening or fortition. The data were collected through field study and based on the author’s linguistic intuition as a native speaker and also through interview with native speakers. The Old and Middle Persian data have been collected through library research. If there was none of the required words in the written documents, or if they were not accessible, they have been reconstructed.