جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "موت صغیر" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

 Mohammad Hassan Alwan is one of the prominent writers of Arabic literature and Saudi Arabia, so far many of his novels have been embellished, some of which have won prestigious literary awards. Among his works, the novel "Mawton Saqiron", which is a story combined with imagination of the life of the famous mystic, Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi, won the prestigious Arab Booker Prize in 2017. The current research has tried to investigate and analyze the elements of the scene and plot in this famous novel by using the descriptive-analytical method and using library tools. The results of the research show that Alvan was well familiar with the story writing atmosphere and was able to connect the audience with the story by using a special technique. Despite the large volume of the novel, the author was able to encourage the audience to read the continuation of the story by using two types of plot: the main plot, which is the biography mixed with Ibn Arabi's imagination, and the secondary plot, which is the events surrounding the preservation and maintenance of Ibn Arabi's "Fottohat Makkeya" manuscript. Another notable point of attention in Alwan's art of story writing is his great accuracy in describing the space, scene, and place where the text is written or where an incident happened.

Binary oppositions have long captivated mystics and are a focal point for structuralists, who often build the foundation of texts around them. By emphasizing these dichotomies, they aim to unveil a unified system and gain deeper insights into the text. In "Mouton Sageer" (A Small Death), binary oppositions play a central role, and this study examines their significance in the story of Hassan Alwan through a descriptive-analytical approach. Drawing from Ibn Arabi's mystical themes, the research delves into the perspectives of Iranian mystics to elucidate the author's underlying framework. The title "A Small Death" symbolizes an earthly love that undergoes a transformation, elevating a mortal being to a celestial realm and fostering a connection to true love. Alvan's work strives to expound upon an intellectual system rooted in binary oppositions, illustrating a mystical concept of "unity in plurality" where love serves as the unifying principle. The ultimate goal is to bring harmony to the current world, transcending conflict, as Alvan posits love as the key element that binds individuals together.

Characters are considered an important element of narrative in a novel and a narrative work. This element, in addition to the structural aspect, is also responsible for a large part of the ideological form of the story in terms of thematization. In his theory of discourse analysis, Van Leeuwen links the element of character and the discourse of the work. He talks about the representation and non-representation of actors and their relationships with the discourse of the work. Based on this theory, this study aims to analyze the famous novel Mot Saghir by Mohammad Hassan Alvan. It is a character-oriented novel that deals with the life of Ibn Arabi, a famous Sufi of the 6th century, in the form of a narrative mixed with the author's imagination and reality. Ibn-Arabi encountered various personalities in his mystical journey and in the journeys he followed to achieve his mystical goals and purposes. The narrator of the story, according to the historical aspect of the work and the influence of each of the personality types in the formation of the discourse has focused on their representation by relying on different methods of elimination and expression.

 The novel is one of the most difficult literary arts, and it also seems easy because it provides the writer with the freedom of action in narrating the events of people's lives and their reality, and this work may be realistic or imagined. The novel includes many topics that occupy novelists, so we find a variety of topics, including the psychological novel, the realistic novel, and the historical novel that is concerned with the historical aspect of human life and combines reality and imagination. The presence of the historical novel has become a strong thing in the Arab narrative scene. Indeed, novels that evoke history, such as the novel “Mawt Saghir” by Mohammed Hasan Alwan, or reproduce history through imagining artistic and experimental mechanisms, compete strongly in literary prizes. The aforementioned novel also won the Arab Booker Prize 2017. The general context of “Mawt Saghir” is based on the biography and travels of Ibn 'Arabî and the continuity between narrative narration and mystical revelation with the employment of Islamic history and the turbulent conditions in it. We have decided that the subject of our research should be about “the employment of history in the novel Mawt Saghir by Muhammad Hassan Alwan.” Among the reasons for choosing this topic there are subjective and objective reasons: As for the reasons for subjectivity are our inclinations to the novel, the objective reasons are to search for the writer’s goal in relying on the employment of history in His fictional work. But the important question is: How did "Muhammad Hassan Alwan" employ the element of history in his novel " Mawt Saghir"? And to answer this question, we relied on the descriptive-analytical method that no study can dispense with. After the study, we reached a set of results, namely: that the novel makes history in the era in which Ibn Arabi lived, until his death in Damascus, a framework for it, and the novelist’s endeavor to employ history is to touch beauty and influence human souls and minds by attracting and suspicious of the reader. The beginning of the events of the novel takes place in Andalusia, which makes the reader feel that he is traveling through time and living that historical era between its palaces, gardens and sports thirty pages) of the novel, then they returned to overlap and rotate together until the end.In its narrative discourse, the novel is based on the language of the era in which Ibn Arabi lived and the culture of Sufism that is part of his life, but in the same case it targets the present and its language enjoys the poetics of the culture of the ordinary reader in the current era.The novelist built his novel on an important stage of history, a time of conflict between the Almohads, the Almoravids, the Ayyubids, the Abbasids, the Seljuks, and a lot of strife and wars.In the text of a Mawt Saghir, Muhammad Hassan Alwan combined the historical and the imaginary (historical characters versus imaginary characters and an imaginary place), so he proceeded from the narrative imagination to talk about the real history.The novelist relied on contemporary narrative techniques towards the mechanisms of narrative intersection resulting from the intersection of narrative time (recall and anticipation).The writer was able to control the historical characters, and subject them to the imaginary side. One of the artistic characteristics of the novelist in the novel is the temporal intersection that stops the reader when reading the novel, as we find it at the beginning based on the present tense that embodies the end of the narration, and then returning to the beginning through remembrance.As for what is related to the description of the place, the writer has linked it to his relationship with the characters, that is, the character is the one who performs the description process in itself, as a result of the impact that the place leaves on the character. The writer's ingenuity in his depiction of the place became apparent to us due to his interest in it, as he used his artistic imagination, so the places came as if they were immortal artistic paintings.

The character and its transcendence are common themes between mysticism, psychology, and literature. Hence, mystics and psychologists have always been curious about understanding it and identifying the path of its evolution. This curiosity has also been manifested in literature. Salient characters' appearance as heroes further adds to the significance of the function of the Self archetype. Little Death narrates the formation of the character of one of the distinguished faces of mysticism and Islamic Sufism, Muhyī al-Dīn Arabi. In a way known as the father of the unity of existence in Islamic thought, Ibn Arabi opened a new window to Islamic mysticism by founding theoretical mysticism. Ibn Arabi has propounded many theories in mysticism, the most important of which is the unity of existence and perfect man. The elevation and growth of the character are among the subjects that have reduced the distance between new psychological theories and genuine concepts in mysticism, such as the perfect man theory. Inspired by the autobiography produced by Sheik Akbar in his book Meccan Revelations, Mohammad Hassan Alwan adopts a post-modernist approach to narrate two parallel stories. The first story expresses the life events of Ibn Arabi, and the second story tells his biography. This paper examines the character of Ibn Arabi from a psychological and theoretical perspective based on the Pearson-Mar theory.To this end, the two stories were separated, and only the story of Ibn Arabi's life events was examined. Examining the ideas of Ibn Arabi indicated a significant relationship between his theory of perfect man and the archetype of the ruler (among the twelve archetypes of the Pearson-Maar theory). Upon departure, initiation, and return, the protagonist reveals the characteristics of the ruler archetype, which are close to the characteristics of the perfect man propounded by Ibn Arabi: Each has specific criteria for self-actualization of character potentials.

The resurgence of Islamic civilization has many faces, including the summoning of historical figures in Arab novels and the embodiment of these characters in them. The novel "A Small Death" written by Muhammad Hassan Alwan is one of the most prominent examples in which the narrator wears the mask of the elder Sheikh Ibn Arabi on his face. This research relies on the descriptive-analytical method and Freud's theories in the analysis of personality, and Jouissance Lacan, theories that are defined in the context of psychology. This science helps the researcher to analyze the reflection of the personality of Ibn Arabi in the mirror of time and the thought of the contemporary intellectual. Among the achievements of this article: The character of Ibn Arabiya in this novel is a masochistic character, and the reason for this goes back to his childhood and his father's behavior towards him; The father was a strict and expectant person, and the child was unable to respond to his father's expectations, which led to the child feeling guilty and punishing himself. The whole novel was the story of Ibn Arabiya's attempts to escape from his anxiety stemming from his past and to reach calm, in short, he wants to achieve his Jouissance. In fact, it is the search for geometry that can explain Ibn Arabi's behavior and what he has in mind about following the path of Sufism. Ibn Arabi turned to Sufism with the encouragement of the one whom Fatima ibn al-Muthanna met, and he searched the Islamic world from west to east to reach its four pegs. And at every stage of his life, he gave up some of his worldly desires to become worthy of the position of the pole, the position in which he would see his happiness, the happiness that Lacan calls a Jouissance.

Intertextuality is a new literary criticism approach that examines the relation-ship between the present text and the absent text. According to this theory, there is no independent text, and each text is a feedback from its previous or contemporary texts, which is expressed in various forms. This is why texts are always interacting with each other. Contemporary Saudi novelist Mo-hammad Hassan Alwan in the novel “The little death”, verbal and spiritual influencing by the divine word, using the "intertextuality " approach, has in-cluded the absent-minded text of the Qur'an in his work of art. This research attempts to explain and interpret intertextual relations in a descriptive-ana-lytic approach, reviewing the novel of "The little death" with Qur'anic verses and the extent to which this author is influenced by the beautiful Qur'anic verses and how their themes are reflected. The results of the study indicate that the author has technically and artically explored the complete text, com-plete adaptation, inspiration and concept, allusion with the summoning of Quranic characters, partial and lexical relationships in his novel, of which the most prominent in The two texts under consideration, is the complete tex-tual relationship whose verses are directly mentioned in the novel without any modification.

Signs are tangible and visible phenomena implied by a relationship with an absent phenomenon. Semiotics is a science that examines the types of signs, the factors involved in the process of their production, exchange, and their interpretation as well as the rules governing the signs. Non-verbal communication is one of the branches of semiotics that encompasses a variety of people's motor behaviors including facial expressions, body movements, gestures, and conversational adjustment movements. This type of communication has six functions of complementing, denying, repeating, controlling, substituting, and emphasizing. In this regard, the present study sought to examine the novel Mawton Saqiron written by Mohammed Hassan Alvan, a contemporary Saudi writer, from the point of view of non-verbal communication symptoms including facial expressions, eye states, hand and head movements, and so on. The significance of the present novel dates back to its selection as a Poker Prize in 2017, and its semantic review has been a major necessity of the present study. The results showed that scholars have benefited most from hand, face, and head posture along with their related functions. The author has used these modes to express issues such as anger, fear, anxiety, and distress. Along these, other modes and organs are also involved in delivering the author’s messages. Most of these messages also have a succession function.