جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مکتب وقوع » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Vasukht (withdrawing love) style as one of the branches of Voqou (Factual poetry) style in Persian literature in the second half of the 15th century and flourished in Iran until the middle of the first half of the 16th century. In this style, contrary to the old tradition of ghazal, the lover speaks harshly to the beloved, flatters and makes unnecessary excuses, and sometimes is heartbroken by the beloved. Although in the age of Saeb, this style was no longer popular in Iran but in Saeb's poetry, themes of withdrawing love can be found, although in a small and scattered way, which shows that he was not unwilling to write such poems and he paid attention to the poems of withdrawing love. The present article tries to search and examine the term and poems of Vasukht (withdrawing love) in Saeb's poetry as much as possible.

The present research is a theoretical study based on library studies, and the scope of the research is the six-volume Diwan Saeb edited by Mohammad Ghahraman.

In this article, by searching Diwan Saeb, we have introduced 20 ghazals and a significant amount of scattered verses with the content of withdrawing love, and we have divided and separated them into different categories based on the type of theme. We have also determined whether the audience of these poems is a general or special lover.

In Saeb's poetry, " Vasukhtan " and its relatives are used at least 12 times, which shows Saeb's interest in writing such poems. The themes of withdrawing love Saeb's poems are: theoretical explanation Vasukht, warning, threat, condemnation, Failure to convert to a romantic relationship, rejection of former lover and falling in love with another. The theme of some poems indicates a real experience in Saeb's life and poetry, but in most of them, no specific lover is mentioned.

The school of occurrence is one of the most important currents of Persian poetry that describes a real and tangible love. In this school, real love events are relied on and feelings are expressed in a simple and straightforward manner. The major features of this school of poetry are giving present reports, improvisation, simplicity of speech, truthfulness of speech, expression of love details, and making love in relation to human beauty. Love in Forough's poetry has been manifested by the school of earthly and tangible occurrence. As a woman, she openly speaks to a man about her physical and emotional desires. In this research, correspondence of the characteristics of Forough's poetry with those of the school of occurrence was investigated. The features of frankness of accent, simplicity of language, real and tangible natures of the lover and beloved, real and nostalgic expressions of a romantic narrative, expression of female longing, and turning away from the beloved were the main characteristics in her poetry that corresponded to those of the school of occurrence. The features of frankness of accent and simplicity of language were the most prominent characteristics in her poetry due to her recklessness and use of today's language.

Outbreak school is of Persian poem schools in which pays to real love. The most important characteristics of poets of the school are as follows: reporting biography, improvisation, easy speeches, honesty in speeches, briefly explaining love and adoration with lovers' face. Being pioneer is referred to poets such as Baba Faghani Shirazi, Lesani Shirazi, and Shahidi Qomi and Vahshi Bafghi is the greatest poet. Tendency to outbreak is still continues and it even includes the poems of new poets. Among the poems, there is Mohammad Ali Bahmani. Presented research is performed with the analytic method and compared the elements of outbreak school in poems of Vahshi Bafghi and Bahmani. And he concludes that today's ghazal, unlike in the past, is formally adorned with a variety of expressive artists. The formations of Bahmani lyric poetry are: 1. Modernity in the field of language with the use of modern words and verbs 2. Use of everyday terms 3. Reflection of popular culture in poetry 4. Use of innovative and new combinations 5. Narrative expression with the help of biological and ecological experiences Poet 6. Using new images and imaginations. In addition to the formal changes, there have been changes in the field of content, which are: 1. The avalanche lover is feminine compared to the tenth-century male lover. Beloved soul along with physical beauties 4. Absence of rival and night parties in today's lyric; Apart from the above, wild and avalanche sonnets have many commonalities in other lyrical components.

Sayeli Qarshi is a poet of the tenth century AH. He is one of those poets who immigrated to the Ottoman lands. He collected his poems in a Collection called Nobave- ye Rome in 908 AH. Moreover, dedicated it to Sultan Bayazid II. One of the manuscripts of this work, is kept in the Fateh Library in Istanbul. Most likely he was also involved in writing and this manuscript is in his own handwriting. The Nobave- ye Rome consists of a preface and 2880 verses of other poems, which have been written in the common forms of Persian poetry, especially sonnets, and it have not been studied and corrected so far. The forthcoming research is devoted to introducing this poet and reviewing his poems after correcting it; it has been done in a descriptive-analytical way and with reference to this manuscript and other library sources. The results of this study show that Sayeli is one of the average poets of the Maktab-e Voqou in Minor Asia. Approach to the beloved, anti-rivalry, exaggeration in the pleasure of harassment, Sagieh-Soraie, the presence of the male lover, etc., along with the simplicity and mentality of the language and usage of slang, are the characteristics of the Maktab-e Voqu that can be seen with high frequency in Nobave- ye Rome.

A distinction element of the voqu school part in the poet report from Realities is earthly love, which is the result of the poet special experience is considered. The Voquhi Poet artisan perfection that is his romantic experiences tells frank and explicit with calenture. The aim of this article to focus on a certain attitude that will overshadow in the lyrical school, pay attention to Typology of Voquhi lyrics until sort realistic emotions and feelings one of the Voquhian. Accordingly, using content analysis method, innovative species that repeated in the lyrics of Vali, DashtBayazi, with high frequency, with approximately frequency each based on 377 poems could be divided into five types: 1- Lyrics says opacity and complaints 2- Lyrics of disclaimer 3- Lyrics of domination & threat 4. Lyric of envy and jealousy 5- Lyrics of anxiety and uncertainty Accuracy in such typology shows that Voquhian in the emotions and feelings field with protest rotational and sometimes aggressive, the Persian lyric content process changes and new species have been added. In fact, the pivot of Voquhi poets on type of the lyrical lead to their style difference than others.

Versimilitude, along with expressing the behavior of the lover and the beloved, is the cornerstone of the school of occurrence (Voghoo’). A major part of research conducted on the school and its literary coordinate, Vasookht, have dealt with both the "simplicity and psychology of language", and the  "absence of rhetorical figures". The present  article is written in a descriptive-analytical manner using library tools. Contradicting the common assumption in the study of the school of occurrence, the article seeks to ensure the widespread presence as well as the effective role of metonymy in representing the occurrence of events. The scope of the research involves all the studies, done on the school of occurrence, but has not paid attention to the expressive role of metonymy especially those mentioned in the book One Hundred Years of Figurative Love. Findings suggest that the technique of metonymy plays an important and vital role in creating imagery. Far from contradicting the simple language of the school, it is suggested, metonymy underscores the fluency and simplicity of the poetic language just because of its popularity among people.

Realism has a privileged position in the Persian poetry of early tenth century SH. This style, which is an intermediate between Iraqi and Indian styles, has brought about the greatest change in the poetic themes after Iraqi style. Amir Khusrau Dehlavi was a famous Persian-speaking mystic and poet in the second half of the seventh century and early eighth century. Although he is one of the most prominent Iraqi-style poets, he must be considered as one of the leaders of realism in Iran. His sonnets are noticeable for simplicity of language and the expression of the issues between the lover and the beloved, which are the hallmarks of this branch of realism. In his sonnets, when the lover encounters his beloved’s disregard, he does not flatter her but blames and reproaches her. The specific characteristics of his sonnets include punishment and taking revenge on the cruel beloved, expression of the relationship between the lover and the beloved, abandoning the lover, punishing the beloved, describing togetherness, expressing the baseness of the beloved and the helplessness of the lover etc. The article demonstrates that the poet has understood the heartbreak caused by love, which is one of the most important elements of this style, and has mingled it with imagination to use it as a thematic element in his poetry.

Incidence school is of Persian poem schools in which the real love is studied. The most important characteristics of the poets in the school are: reporting biography, improvisation, simplicity of words, and honesty in words, expressing details of love and loving humans’ appearance. Vahshi Bafghi is the greatest poet in this school. Tendency toward incidence includes modern poets, especially poets of modern sonnet. Hussein Monzavi is almost head of the poets. By analytic method, Presented research studied the elements of incident school in sonnets of Hussein Monzavi and concluded that importance of imaging in sonnet is led to distinguish Monzavi’s incident sonnet from poems of incidence school. In addition, context of Monzavi’s sonnets is different from sonnet of other incidence schools in terms of reality of fact, and context of his sonnet due difference in behavior of modern human about love. This distinctions led to emerge of streams of incidence sonnet.

Ahmad Hamedi Isfahani is an important poet in the ninth century (AH) who lived at the court of Sultan Mehmet for more than two decades. His poems are mostly in Persian, and some in Turkish. Despite its importance, Hamedi's collection of poems, written by him,
has never been corrected and printed. According to lots of evidence in Hamedi's poems, he can be considered as one of the most important pioneers of the school "Wuqu" and romanticism. Some of the most prominent features of the Hindi style are also found frequently in his poems. Although Hamedi's poems are very interesting in terms of
quality and stylistic features, they have not been noted in the books related to literature history and stylistics. This could be due to the inaccessibility of his collection of poems. In this paper, in addition to presenting a biography of Hamedi's life, it is shown that Hamedi is one of the unknown pioneers of “Wugu” School of literature in ninth century whose poems are based on special themes and ideas. The importance and necessity of revising the books about the history of literature and stylistics based on newly found literary works is also explained.

The beloved, lover and love are the three main axis of romantic poems while the beloved is the most pivotal character and her bold presence can be seen at almost every period of Persian poetry. Kamal-al-din Vahshi Bafqi is one of the greatest sonneteers of the Voqu’ School -a style in Persian poetry- who has been able to present a very special and distinct image of the beloved from all other periods, by his distinct look on the lyrical literature. Using the descriptive-analytic method, in the present study, it has been attempted to analyze the beloved’s image as reflected in Vahshi Bafqi’s sonnets in terms of describing her physical beauty and behavioral characteristics and in the end, the frequency charts and tables for these characteristics is presented. Results of the study indicates that the poet has paid complete attention to both physical and behavioral aspects of the beloved and its clear difference with former and future periods, Iraqi and Indian styles, is in the poet’s courage in describing male-beloveds and also in the way the lover reacts to some behavioral characteristics of the beloved and the reflection of Vasookht School thoughts in his poems.

A Psychoanalytical study of the classic poets can be very new at the present time. Karen Horney's Psychoanalysis is one of the analyses. She indicates the quality of the formations of neuroses and Psychoses and the way of deliverance of these anxieties in person. She introduces three personalities named "Moving toward People", "Moving against People" and "Moving away from People". She believes a person takes shelter in one of these three defensive structures to relieve from anxieties. Even she sometimes uses all the three structures together, but ordinarily one of the structures has been used more. "Voqu” poems have the capacity of the analysis. "Moving toward People" in these poems is dominant. This paper investigates "Voqu" sonnets especially in Heidari Tabrizi's one (11th century A.H.) based on Karen Horney's theory.

The Voquea literary School is strongly associated to the periods of Timurids – especially 2nd half of 15th century – and Safavids from the view of social-political points. The school was founded in the last 15th century and reached its maturity by the end of that century to be continued up to the early 16th century. There have been several sporadic discussions about the poems of Voquea School and their content analysis, but any discussion – as far as the authors have searched- has accomplished about its geographical origin. Concerning the attendance of scouters of Voquea School in Azerbaijan and then the evolutions occurred in Painting field of Tabriz School, the authors of present article have tried to evaluate the role of Dar al-Saltana of Tabriz in adaptation and development of supernatural regards in the fields of Art and Literature