جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "black romanticism" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

Known as passivity, malady, and cancer, Black romanticism is one of the chief branches of romanticism. This type of romanticism has widely been present in prose and poetry since 28 Mordad coup d'état. Authors in this article endeavor to examine Nosrat Rahmani’s poetry to demonstrate the presence of black romanticism in mythical elements within Nosrat Rahmani’s poetry. Moreover, the article seeks to delve into the reasons behind this presence. Based on the findings of this article, the failure of the National Movement led to the shattering of Iranian intellectuals’ ideals. This gloomy disappointment after the coup d’état resulted in the emergence of black and pessimistic romanticism in Nosrat Rahmani’s poetry. Black romanticism manifests itself through motifs such as reflection of death, frustration, pessimism, treason, deriding of love, satanism, and gothic atmosphere. These themes play a prominent role in the recreation of mythical elements in Nosrat Rahmani’s poetry. As a result, the mythical elements such as Simorgh, Ghaf, Leili, Shirin, Bijan, and Hallaj are depicted as defeated and different from their former positive images due to the poet’s pessimism.

Romanticism is a literary movement that developed in Europe in the late 18th century and had a considerable influence on the literature of various countries around the world. This movement emerged in Iran after the coup d'état of 28 Mordad, 1332. Prominent features of this movement in literature include an interest in the past, nature-oriented themes, imagination, and fantasy. However, "Black Romanticism" is slightly different from these features. Among the most striking characteristics of this trend, we find pain and despair, poverty and hardship, sin and hell, thoughts of death, opium, and so on. For this reason, it sometimes happens, when studying literary works from different cultures, that the poems of certain poets bear a striking resemblance to each other. For example, one can mention Charles Baudelaire, a 19th-century French poet, and Nosrat Rahmani, a 20th-century Iranian poet. Reading the poems of Nosrat Rahmani evokes certain verses of Charles Baudelaire, which attests to his influence from this famous French poet. Charles Baudelaire and Nosrat Rahmani are both famous as "poets of the black city" because they were primarily influenced by the social and political conditions prevailing in the society in which they lived. In fact, both poets provided a platform to express the suffering, sadness, and melancholic atmosphere of their time. The purpose of this article is to examine the salient and common features of "Black Romanticism" in the poems of two French and Iranian poets in order to show why these two poets are recognized as the "poets of the Black City".

There has been a special literature in each era, which shows the beliefs, and political, social and economic conditions of that era. When a catastrophic event happens, it can damage the mental, moral and spiritual health of the society and make it disturbed. A fast transition from tradition to modernity and its exposure to social-political changes make a fundamental development in culture and ethics, which affects art, literature and philosophy. If these changes are negative and catastrophic, dark literature with negative tendencies is formed. Sonallah Ibrahim wrote some books studied, reviewed and analyzed by Arabs and Persians using modern writing techniques. “That Perfume” تلک الرائحه)) by Sonallah Ibrahim is a modern story narrated fluently and expresses the social concerns of modern humans. The story is full of ambiguity, nihilism, death thinking, tendency for inner world, emotional helplessness, and other salient features of dark romanticism. Although there exist other components and features of this type, we analyze the factors that are more frequent in this story.

With a descriptive-analytical method, this research analyzes the manifestations of the current literature in the novel, including narration, story elements, space, conversation, etc. It seeks to answer the questions ‘how can we analyze the pessimism, death think, despair, and nihilism in “That Perfume”? And ‘how can the content analysis of this story help to better understand the concept of this story according to the literary flow of dark romanticism?’

In this research, by analyzing the art of story and the way of writing, we find a tendency for black romanticism in the dialectics of the elements and structure of “That Perfume”. In this story, Sonallah Ibrahim shows the death of humanity and wants to express that others do not value life. He describes the physical and evil dimension of love in a detailed way. The main character of this novel is captivated by evil fantasies; it is a kind of reminder of erotic illusions. Components such as wandering, repetitive life, returning to the past, father and mother’s death, broken loves, pessimism, and despair from existential world show nihilism in this story. The frequent use of opium and narcotics is very evident in the story. The main character of the story just smokes, which is a sign of destruction and darkness. By criticizing the story according to the romanticism components, we can recognize Sonallah Ibrahim as an eminent writer in the Arab world. Another point of criticizing is that the reader can understand and analyze the motif, theme and main concepts of story and characters fundamentally.

Since dark romanticism is a new and special view of the broad doctrine of romanticism, there is no precise component for it in any reference book. However, with a precise analysis of this doctrine, we extract the most important features of dark romanticism such as loneliness, death thinking, despair and nihilism, using erotic themes ae well as opium and narcotics. In that story, death has a prominent manifestation in material and psychological dimensions. Sonallah Ibrahim portrays the death of the modern human, while he is alone in a crowd. Sonallah Ibrahim portrays the death of humanity and shows no one values the souls of others. The mentioned loneliness and death thinking can be the result of despair, hopelessness and nihilism and also a base for this spiritual misery. We can see the examples of hopelessness and nihilism throughout the story. When the main character of the story is freed from the prison, he seeks an inner feeling, such as happiness, but he cannot find anything. Another component of black romanticism is evil love which is contrasted with virgin love in the Arabic literature. Today, the evil love is defined as erotic literature. This feature is the most important component of dark romanticism in “That Perfume”. We can see this feature in the social life and fancies of the main character. When the main character meets Najva, the writer describes the scene precisely and approaches the border of dark romanticism. In this story, the main character just smokes, but the repetition of the same concept of opium can be a motif to show the destructiveness and darkness throughout the story. In addition to the protagonist's excessive use of cigarettes as a mental sedative, there are his judgments about the use of opium by others, who look at it in a positive light, a view that is contrary to rationality and logic. This is because we are talking about the mentality of a character who has all the components of dark romanticism.

Romantic imagination has been the underpinning philosophy of almost all of the later intellectual and artistic movements until present. Romanticism, thanks to wide arrays of definitions as well as examples attributed to it and also due to its paradigmatic shift in man’s perspective from “general ego” to “individual ego”, in one form or another is permeated in most of literary and artistic schools and movements. Romanticism, which originally was the outcome of its opposition to the strict framework of classicism, reappears more protesting than ever in Postmodernism which is in itself the outcome of man’s frustration of modern principles and frameworks. The present article with a comparative approach, while focusing on the similar literary features of Romanticism and Postmodernism in Iran, aims to explore and investigate the correlation of these two movements. Studies demonstrate that postmodern poetry both thematically, in its protest and denunciation, and formally, in its linguistic deviation, has a close connection with the black Romanticism of 30s and language-oriented poetry of 40s. By incorporating the formal pattern of postmodern writing and adopting a polyphonic poetry, it strives critically to appropriate the old Persian poetic style for the new worldview and offer its own distinct poetics.

The image is a reflection of his inner emotions and thoughts of the poet and sensible way and when the Gorge will be singing in the train of thought and emotion. The purpose of this article is to show the functions of artistic images in poetry and harmony with the emotions and thoughts of his Rahmani that Analytical method with two image-oriented language (Verbal Image) and imaginary (Figurative Image) to fit the mindset and emotion Rahmani's poetic images. Pictures poets through summon words and making original descriptions created that this will make the room dark and in accordance with his ideas and the way in which Black called Romanticism. Rahmani imaginary images that reflect his emotions funds such as simile, metaphor, imagery and other virtual documents provided that embodies the spirit of defeat and despair of the poet.es that reflect his emotions funds such as simile, metaphor, imagery and other virtual documents provided that embodies the spirit of defeat and despair of the po

Political, social, and cultural situation of every era has direct effects on poets’ views. Black and pessimist Romantic literature as a literary genre has emerged in Iran’s society after one decade of mobility and tension in different social and political areas; it was indeed a kind of Protest against destructive consequences of coup detat 1332 (1953) which suddenly sunk many social and cultural activities in complete stagnation. Poets, in this era, expressed their Protests in various kinds, sometimes semi-obvious and sometimes indirectly, though there were severe censorship and strangulation. Symbolism was one the invisible methods of fighting against censorship; however, black and romantic literature was an obvious and hidden and somehow negative battle against political blockage that reflected poet’s rebellion and Protest focusing on destructive consequences caused by coup detat in political, social and cultural areas. It is tried in this article to review some reasons of emergence of this literary genre and its reflection in “Nosrat Rahmani” poet as a poet of Black Poetry.