جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « constitution » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi except from  composition of the political poems and the publication of the critical “storm” newspaper, published the "weekly storm" magazine for two years,  to develop the  literary works, to promote poetry, to develop the Persian language and literature and to generalize the European literary works. In this study, with reviewing the 41 existing numbers of the “weekly storm” with the descriptive, analytical and quantitative assessment method, we introduce and examine the publication motives, formal structure, importance and quality, content, and writers and poets of the magazine. Because of the high position of the authorities, the publication of useful literary, artistic and historical literature, and the quality and diversity of Iranian and worldly literary materials, the literary magazine benefits from the cooperation of popular writers and poets like:  Malek o-Sho''arā Bahār, Abdolhossein Hazhir, Ishmael Yekani, Sayyed Ahmad Kasravi, Sayyed Abdolrahim Khalkhali, Ali Javaherolkalam, and etc among foreigner writers and poets, translations of Tolstoy works and Victor Hugo works had been more commonly used. In the second period of publication, due to the policies of the Reza Shahi period, Toofan adopts a more lenient approach and pays more attention to social, economic and literary issues, while emphasizing the elements of Iranian identity and literary traditions in a balanced way towards modernity. Hence, due to the necessity of modernity and understanding the situation of the time, he uses prose texts and fiction in translations of Western works.

Discourse is a force that emanates from a relationship of three, rationality, ideology, and power, and is used for political action. With the identification of triples, rationality, ideology and power, one can discover the ontology of discourse, and vice versa, through the discovery of discourses, it can be traced to the trios of time. Since the introduction of the term Constitutionalism into the political literature and the quadruple functions of discourse, whether compulsion, critique, concealment and eventually legitimization or decriminalization in the interaction of rationality, ideology and power in the field of literary competence, especially the field of press, was realized through analysis and analysis The discourses that were heated through congressional publications in Tabriz were trivial in the constitutional period. In this regard, in the present study, 25 journals from the period of constitutionalism between the peak years have been selected and selected from different perspectives, content, approach and goals.

Monarchism, intellectuals, including liberalism and socialism, clergy, including orthodox, jurisprudential recitations and the dominant triune of modern society.

Intellectuals, libertarians, scholars and clerics, and even merchants of the Qajar era, created a new form of national and political literature. They waged political struggles with the weapon of thought and speech, and in the press and journalism, or by using the talent of poetry and poetry and writing in order to convey political and national thoughts and ideas, they demanded legalism and constitutionalism, and most of their audience was young and mass They were people, they turned to simplicity and simplicity of words and allegories. The allegories of this period are equivalent to its Western meanings, anecdote, parable and wisdom. Akhundzadeh considers allegory to be the equivalent of a drama to improve morality and to teach readers and listeners a lesson. Turning to humor in this period led to the popularity of humorous allegories. The symbol in the constitutional period has a strong connection with the allegory. The background of the research, according to the keywords, contains various valuable and scientific works, but in the title of the research, the allegory in Akhundzadeh's prose is new in its kind. The necessity and main and secondary goals of the article have been formed in getting acquainted with constitutional prose and recognizing allegory in Akhundzadeh prose. This research in a citation-library method with an analytical approach by extending the scope of the article to the prose of the constitutional period and the field of prose has limited this period to Akhundzadeh prose, and in his works has studied the function of allegory in the prose of that period.

Contemporary Iranian literature, especially poetry, takes on a different color from the constitutional period onwards, and innovation in the presentation of contemporary poetry is the most important literary achievement of this period, which is the first step on the way to modernity and standing against tradition. It is considered the predecessor of Persian literature. This feature can be examined in the fields of language, form, shape and structure, imagination and thought, and content. This research, with a descriptive-analytical method, examines the axes of innovation in the poetry of Abulqasem Lahouti in the constitutional era, who is one of the pioneers of modernity in this period.The findings of this research indicate that by using new and foreign words in Persian poetry, theology increases the range of Persian words and causes the expansion of Iranian vocabulary; In his translations of some poems of Russian poets, he uses a type of literary prose (prose poetry); By increasing and decreasing the stanzas in the four-part format, he opens a way for the emergence of a new poem, and with the changes he creates in the prosody weight, he writes poems in syllabic weight, and in this way, a new design is created. Standing against previous literary traditions, it takes the path of modernity.

One of the key human rights issues is the issue of freedom. This debate and its variants, including freedom of opinion, freedom of expression, ... have also been the subject of debate among thinkers and thinkers. Today, all civilized states claim freedom, but each offers a different definition, but regarding the principle of freedom as a citizenship, there is a disagreement over the scope and scope of freedom. Throughout history we will acknowledge that there have always been debates about the limits and degrees of freedom that vary with time and social rituals and types; the scope of this debate has focused on human slavery. And once in freedom of expression and opinion, and in other times freedom of religion, etc. It is worth noting that no thinker in history has accepted the unconditional freedom and the major controversy over boundaries. And the freedom to do so, which in many cases has been a pretext for law enforcement, and many have been given the freedom to do some homework. They refused and some advocated for freedom and ignored many rights of the people and society, so the debate over freedom has always been about freedom.The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan are similar in many respects because of their close ties and united religious roots. One of these parallels is freedom as one of the most prominent citizenship rights. The main question of this study is to compare the constitution of Iran and Pakistan with the comparative study of the importance of this issue and to compare the weaknesses and strengths of these two countries in comparison with the laws of the two countries.

This research is a descriptive - comparative study and the method of collecting information through library method is obtained by downloading legal and legal software and authentic books. The authors, after extracting the contents and comparing the bulletins collected in the fundamental rights of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Pakistan, determined the extent of freedom in the two countries of Iran and Pakistan and the extent of their similarities and differences.

One of the most important issues in society is the issue of freedom and its importance to the extent that it is addressed in the constitution of most countries. The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Pakistan have also taken a special look at the issue of freedom as one of the basic needs of society, and this has been well reflected in the constitution of these two countries. The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran has considered the issue of freedom in various respects and has addressed several aspects of the constitution in a number of discussions on the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran with regard to freedom. Freedom of parties and associations, freedom of assembly and march, freedom of choice of religion, freedom of religious minorities, freedom of kin and tribal freedom of thought, freedom of the press, freedom of Islamic freedom The constitution has been discussed in detail and its scope has been specified in addition to the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the Constitution of the Republic of Pakistan has explicitly considered and specified its scope and scope. What is certain, however, is that both the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan, despite their keen attention to the issue of liberty, have in no way denied freedom unconditionally and, along with this important point, set the boundaries of freedom. So as not to disturb other people in society.

In a comparative study of freedom in Iranian and Pakistani law, we came to the conclusion that the constitution of Iran and Pakistan in various respects, including freedom of parties and peoples, freedom of assembly and march, freedom to choose a job, and related freedoms. Religious minorities, tribal freedoms, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, the foundations of freedom in Islam are very close to one another, and the two countries have not considered freedom as absolute and unconditional. Various point to the fundamental point that freedom is to the extent that it is not contrary to the rights of others. But the origin of this must be traced back to the teachings of Islam and its neighborliness, as both the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan have based their rule on being Islamic, and Islam has emphasized freedom in its aspect. Different countries have never considered freedom absolute and on the other hand, due to the proximity of the two countries of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Pakistan, the effects of these two countries have been great.

Iran and Turkey, as the remnants of two great empires, have long had various relations with each other. This relationship, with its many historical ups and downs, has been of particular importance in the last two centuries. One of its manifestations can be seen in the convergent relations of the intellectuals and the people of knowledge and culture of the two countries, especially during the constitutional period. These interactions have had reciprocal effects in the field of culture and literature of both countries, and in particular Iran. One of these influences is the reflection of the intellectual and political events of the late Ottoman era in the poetry of the Iranian constitutional era. The present article is responsible for examining this issue between the years 1309-1343 AH / 1891- 1924 AD, ie from the formation of the Islamic Unity Society led by Seyyed Jamal al-Din Asadabadi until a few months after the establishment of the Republic in Turkey. The article examines the historical contexts of influential intellectual and political events in Turkey and their reflection in the collective poetry of poets of the constitutional period. Mirza Agha Khan Kermani, Adib al-Mamalek Farahani, Malek al-Shoaraye Bahar, Seyyed Ashraf al-Din Hosseini Qazvini (Nasim-e Shomal), Farrokhi Yazdi, Aref Qazvini and Mirzadeh Eshghi are among the poets who have reflected these events in their poetry. After referring to the ups and downs of the relations between the intellectuals of the two countries, the article seeks to answer the question of what factors in the last years of the Ottoman rule and after, damaged the process of empathy and cooperation of intellectuals and thinkers of the two countries and the divergence between them. The final approach of the article is that since the last decades of the twentieth century, the scope of divergences has diminished and the trend of cultural convergence has expanded and in recent years has continued with greater vigor.

Realism is a literary school of thought, influencing, objective and external emerging in mid-19th</sup> century in France and spreading rapidly while attracting the poets, authors and artists toward itself. In Iran also, concurrent with the movement of the constitutionalists, some transformations occurred in the elements of Iranian identity bestowing in terms of identity and the poets and authors paid attention to their national identity and the decline and retardation of their country. Farrokhi Yazdi and Aref Gazvini the revolutionary poets of this era, strongly inclined to liberation and supporting the laborers and farmers, they’ve demonstrated their attention to the status of the country. Applying content analysis method, (Descriptive- Analytical) the present study aims to analyze and outline the extent of the focus on the identity components of the revolutionary realism in the poems of the constitution Era realist two poets. For this reason, the identity components of realism their poetry has been analyzed. The present study findings indicated that Farrokhi Yazdi focused particularly on the branches and components of revolutionary realism and through benefitting from various representations of ritual (Islamic) and national perseverance literature, constitution Era realist poets encourages theire audience to fighting and opposition.

One of the prominent literary theories that have enabled a new reading of texts is discourse analysis theory. This theory has its roots in linguistics, and its term was first coined in 1952 by Zellig Harris. Following him, discourse analysis was divided by linguists into two parts: "Spoken Language Structure Analysis" and "Text Analysis". The discourse analysis theory, by Fairclough, named "Critical Discourse Analysis" took a new direction. Critical Discourse Analysis seeks to expose the ideologies hidden in the text, in the audience’s mind, and in the context of the text and the relation of the three to each other. For its theory, Fairclough provided an analytical model that is considered one of the most comprehensive analytical models. It examines discourses at three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation, and this way, it explores and explains the relationship between text, power, and ideology. Travelogues and memoirs are among the highlights of the critique works whose keywords are power and ideology. The present article attempts to assess and analyze "Constitutionalism" as one of the major discourses in "Haj Sayyah’s Memories" book based on Fairclough's theory.

In its model, Fairclough combines three analytical methods and traditions: 1. Inclusive textual analysis in the context of linguistics (Halliday's applied grammar); 2. Social practice analysis in macro context (Foucault's theory); 3. Social practice analysis in micro context (conversation analysis). In order to apply his theory to the text, he presented a model that examined discourse in three stages of description, interpretation, and explanation. In the description stage, he examines the language of the work at two levels of vocabulary and grammar, and at each level, he considers three types of empirical, relational, and expressive values. In the grammar section, in addition to the aforementioned types, the link values ​​are also of interest. In the interpretation stage (contextual knowledge or ideological aspect of common sense-based assumptions), two sections of contextual interpretation and textual interpretation are considered by Fairclough. And in the explanation stage, social implications and determinants of discourse are examined.

The method of this study was based on Fairclough's theory. The main purpose of the theory under consideration was to examine the relationship between text, power, and ideology. Every text had micro-discourses and macro-discourses that made up its content. Constitutionalism was a macro-discourse in the memories of Haaj Sayyah that was studied in this research in three stages of description, interpretation and explanation. At the descriptive level, linguistic features were extracted and analyzed at two levels of vocabulary and grammar so that their interpretive function would help to analyze the context and text at a higher level. Finally, the interplay between text and social factors at the explanation stage was reviewed.

In the description stage, it was observed that in Haj Sayyah's Travelogue, the empirical values revealed at the lexical level the text content, knowledge, beliefs, and ideology of the author mostly by the selection of the synonym words, the use of vernacular pronunciation of certain names, and the use of social indicators. In the commentary stage, the author dealt with the story, participants, their relationships, and the role of language in advancing the story. One of the most important issues in this work was the events related to the Iranian constitutional movement in the late Qajar period. The narrator in this section of his book described the self-devotions and sacrifices of the constitutionalists and the atrocities of the antagonists.In the contextual interpretation stage, the discourse participants' interpretation of the situational and intertextual context, the type of discourse, and the differences in the participants' response to them were examined at four levels of word appearance, word meaning, local cohesion, and text structure.
At the explanatory level, discourse was examined as part of a social process. The social situation or environment that led to the development of the constitutional and freedom seeking discourse in Iran during the Qajar era was rooted in the oppression and inadequacy of Qajar rulers. During the reign of Nasser ad-Din Shah, Iran had become a backward and poor country that was increasingly favored by the arrogant powers such as Russia and Britain. Taken together, these factors caused deep discontent among the masses, especially the new intellectual class and the traditional middle class.

The author's being on the side of the constitutionalists made use of all levels and layers of language and semantic to support this sociopolitical trend and to repress the opposition and oppressors. Studying this work at three levels of description, interpretation and explanation, showed the unity of all linguistic and non-linguistic elements in highlighting the constitution macro-discourse and expressed his view in advocating the constitutionalists and freedom seekers. At the descriptive level, the words used contained empirical values of constitutional and freedom seeking discourse, and he used a variety of semantic relations to this end. In this work, the words were used to denounce and criticize the opposition rather than being an indication of euphemism. Conceptual metaphors were also used to praise the constitutional revolution. At grammar level, the narrator, the constitutionalists, and the despots were triple contributors to the work in which everything fits into and becomes meaningful in this triplex. The high frequency of the indicative mood reflected the knowledge of the writer/omniscient narrator of current affairs. And finally, at the interpretation and explanation levels, we observed that the constitution macro-discourse gave the different contexts of the text the color of constitutionalism and freedom seeking and drew all the audience’s attention to it.

Critical satirical Hasharatolarz newspaper was published in Tabriz by Mirza Agha Blouri in the years of 1326-1329 (1908-1911) During the Minor tyranny, this magazine was the only newspaper published cartoons. More contents of it were satirical poem, told by Ghaffar Wakil (A crazy wanderer). Its cartoons were drawn by Hosseinzadeh Behzad. More cartoons concept was in criticizing the anti-constitutional king, and abuse of state governors from offices and their corruption. The Message of plans was generally in order to spread awareness among people to understand their rights and responsibilities of Qajar rulers. For the first time, by the language and Character of animals, social and political processes in Azerbaijan and Iran were revealed. As a result, this magazine supported constitutionalism and rule of law and justice. We used in this article from the main sources on Iran's press, content of Hasharatolarz newspaper, and is written by content analysis.

The aim of this essay is to show how themes of wound, sickness, blood, pain and death are represented in the poetry of Nima Yushij, and their implicit meanings. Based on the discourse of the Constitution period it is argued that such themes represent slaughter and bloodshed. On the other hand, the image of sick bodies can be interpreted as a sign of democracy and the presence of minority voices. The paper takes advantage of the ideas of Charles Baudelaire and Linda Nochlin. According to Nochlin's views on wounded and sick bodies, lack of body’s cohesion in Nimaꞌs poetry can be considered as a metaphor of absence. This absence has created a modern world without cohesion and certainty. It is argued that experiences of sickness and death in Nimaꞌs poetry is based on a relationship between artist’s sensitivity and that of the patient, as Baudelaire stated. Finally, it is concluded that injury, sickness and death’s image in art does not mean decay and non-existence; it means “new birth”. In other words, we can understand a new meaning of art and beauty via non-aesthetic themes.

Mirzade Eshghi is one of poets that a great part of his literary works depends on the role of realism’s elements , so one of the effect of realism on his poem is revolutionist feature. Realism is also one of the most fundemental art school which developed quickly in the middle of nineteenth century Keeping away from fancy and paying attention to realities of life are it’s the most basic elements which absorbed many poets like Farrokhi. Explicitness, blame and revolutionist criticism of society were signs of farrokhi’s acute realism. This analytical – descriptive article , by elicitation and study of revolutionist concepts and rudeness criticism of society by the two great poets in their own poems , is concluded that revolutionist poets in constitution were to some extent neglected from their main Cultural mission , that were soft awareness of minds and creation of inner revolution. It seemed , all these poets’ attempts for constitution reinforcement were in oblivion for a while. These poets get involved in revolutionist movements with social rudeness and didn’t pay attention to cultural transition in society. It is obvious that in opportune rudeness not only serves the society but also leads to other rudeness. Therefore these societies need to cultural poets more than revolutionist poets.

The change in political and social conditions will always cause change in attitudes and literary thought. Ninetieth century was of a special importance from political and historical point of view for Iran and Egypt in which the industrial societies turned to be modern rapidly. The result of this political and social jump was formation of new concepts and notions in literature which were unsurpassed till then. Patriotism and nationalism were the concepts which were created in both countries simultaneously. The present paper tries to study the concept of hometown and its aspects in Iran and Egypt poetries and answers the following questions: when has the patriotism and nationalism started in Iran and Egypt? Which factors were played an important role in its formation? What common aspects are there in both countrie's poet's point of view?

Freedom and equality of rights are desired by all the political systems، in a way that the most political systems in the world have dedicated a part of their constitutions to state these rights. The constitutions of Iran and Pakistan which have the Islamic Republic government andfollow the rules and moralsof Islam are not exceptions، so in the present study، using the comparative-analytic method، it has been attempted to consider the mentioned rights in bothpolitical systems comparatively. The necessity of this research is that it helps to find the strengths and weaknesses of these constitutions and prepare a suitable context to revise them. According to the conducted researches، Iran''s constitution seems to be more complete by stating the main rights of the nation based on the Islamic morals and advices and dedicating a separate chapter to the mentioned subject.

The constitutional era, which is characterized as the first movement and uprising in the Iranian community in accordance with modern intellectualism, is regarded as one of the most prominent eras in the Iranian satirical poetry throughout the Iranian history. Hence, it is inevitable that the constitutional satirical literature be investigated meticulously. In addition, due to the fact that the Iranian political, cultural and social domains are highly influenced by the intellectual movements, the accurate investigation of the current and coming conditions in Iran can merely be carried out through the constitutional discourse analysis. Therefore, analyzing the constitutional satirical poetry can pave the way for a precise awareness of changes in recent century. In this paper, the exploration of the satirical elements in the constitutional poetry has been made due to its remarkable effect upon the Iranian socio-political history. This research aims at conducting an investigation into the main concepts and subjects of the constitutional satirical poetry, as well as its impacts on the political and social domains. In this study, the hermetic method has been utilized. The results indicate that there exists a fundamental discrepancy between despotism and freedom; equality and class difference; modern and traditional women; patriotism and colonialism; as well as intellectualism and superstition. These differences have contributed to dynamism in the constitutional satirical poetry. It is concluded that the constitutional satirical poets have dealt with such concepts as modernity, intellectualism, patriotism, equality, constitution and legislation.

Developments and characteristics of poetry during Constitutional (Revolution) era have been realized in several fields including in subject and content, thought and idea, plainness and fluency, paying attention to vernacular language and folklore, xenophilia and tendency toward classicism, enjoying foreign terms and lexicons, notice to taboos and developments within poetical frames. The main contents and concepts of poetry in Constitutional Era have been established on the bases and icons of nationalism and patriotism, freedom- seeking and fighting against hegemony. During this period, Persian poetry repudiated from imitation of predecessors’ contents and exited and released from praising of arrogant rulers. Eventually, such developments which have been influenced by geopolitical variation in this region led to poetical transformations at the age of Constitution.

Constitutional Revolution caused new concepts, which had not been common before, to emerge, revolutionizing, in turn, the social and political institutions. These changes transformed the mental structures of those social classes that were the new audience in these trends. This discourse led to entire changes in the meaning and language of poetry. Thus, those words and combinations, announced time and place, and events that had not been employed in traditional poetry, entered poetry, and, as a result, changed its overall style. The social changes of this era brought a new life into the Persian literature. These newly emerged literary works were, in fact, in a way or other, capturing the western civilization not being captured by it.