جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « monshaat » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

The history of Monshaat genre dates back to the pre-Islamic era. The genre was dominantly used by the court secretariat who were interested in using Arabic words and structures, complexity of writing and using words, and the use of figures of speech. However, Monshaat genre underwent significant changes in middle of the period due to the social changes. This study tried to explore the evolution of the literary genre in the Qajar period and see the impact of court secretariats on the change from the simple style to complex style. It used a descriptive-analytical method. The data were collected from the selected sources and other library resources related to the subject. Then, the data were analyzed considering the stylistic aspect of Monshaat at linguistic, literary, and visual levels. The stylistic analysis of the Monshaat genre showed that there are remarkable differences between the Monshaats at the beginning of the period and the end of the period in terms of language, literature, and image. The language has changed from high complexity in using language, using Arabic words and expressions, and applying long and complex sentences, to simplicity and using Persian words.

Mirza Mohammad Tahir Vahid Qazvini, one of the poets and writers of the 11th century AH, has left many works in poetry and prose. "Monshaat" is one of his prose works. With an approach to the position of secretaries in the court of rulers, it can be said that "Monshaat" is an important source of studies on Iranian history, culture and civilization. Since Vahid Qazvini"s "Monshaat" has not been published yet, there is a need for research on it. The purpose of this study is to introduce the Monshaat of Vahid Qazvini and to study its stylistic features.

The research method is descriptive-analytical.

The Monshaat of Vahid Qazvini in terms of content is of great historical importance in relation to the Safavid government. The structure of letters consists of a prolog, which is usually phraseological and rhythmic prose; the text of the letter, which is less artificial than the prolog; mentions the bearer of the letter and the gifts sent, and finally a prayer for the addressee. Vahid Qazvini"s Monshaat is very important from a linguistic point of view due to the author"s attention to the adornment features of speech. In terms of lexicon, the multiplicity and combinations of Arabic words, Persian combinations, using some Turkish words, using multiple synonyms, the multiplicity of compound plurals and the use of words in a particular meaning and structure are interesting. Syntactically, the presentation of a verb, the distance between the two components of a compound verb, accompanying the transitive verb with the contracted infinitive, using of a descriptive verb frequently, the introduction of indicative future and possible future without "mi" and "b", the use of prepositions in their old meaning, putting "ra" in different meanings and some other syntactic features can be seen in Monshaat. In terms of phonetics, different types of rhymes, puns, balance and leonine verse, coordinating two or more sentences by observing the rhyme in the last verb of the two sentences, inversion, alliteration, multiple genitive cases, etc. have been used for visual beautification and melody of the language.

The writing style of Vahid Qazvini"s Monshaat is a continuation of the tradition of court secretaries, which is written in a completely technical and artificial way and there is no tendency in it to be simple. The aim of the author is not only to express meaning, but also poetic art and technical ostentation and difficult writing in his prose; nevertheless, some linguistic antiquities related to Mursal"s prose can still be seen in the text of the book.

In terms of style, Monshaat (letters) of Khaghani is one of the complicated and industrial texts in Persian literature. Khaghani had a special style of prose writing, just as in verse, and a full knowledge of various writing methods. This work is of great importance in various aspects such as better understanding of Khaqani's writing style as well as getting acquainted with his environment and time. What has been considered in present study is the contemplation on some of Khaghani's phrases in his Monasaat, corrected by Mohammad Roshan, that are not semantically expressive and the audience may get in to difficulties in reading them. Bad reading and unprincipled copying of the editions are, in some cases, among the factors have reduced the literary value and artistic delicacy of the work. The re-correction of phrases has been accomplished on the base manuscript, and the least on some insignificant manuscripts such as Paris and Sepahsalar that include just a few of the letters. In many reviewed cases, other textual evidences are obtained when the right phrase stands on its right place.

AfzalodinBadilebn Ali KhaqaniShavani, in addition to Divan and Khatmolghareb, has written epistles and letters (Monshaât). The importance of these epistles and letters, beside literary value of them, is that they include important information about poet life. Because of difficulty of this text, the researches about these letters is very limited and finite. The best correction of these epistles and letters is undergone by Mohammad Roushan’ efforts, in turn his correction is indebted to Minovi and Forozanfar guidance and decoding’s. In this essay, we study and survey the record of a few phrases of this correction. I hope this attempt is a step to go forward the attempts of that learned and noble mans.

Qaem Maqam Frahani (1193- 1254 A. H.) was a learned scholor who completely knew theology and had a high status in Arabic and Persian literatures. Some poems from poets in different periods of Arabic literature can be seen in his Monshaat such as: Nabegheh Zobianim, Imam Ali (p. b. u. h); Majnoone leili, Bashar Ebne Bord, Ebne Khayyat, Ebne Ammar, Mohye Al-din Al- Arabi; Safy Al-Din Al-Helli, etc. However, clear mistakes in representing vowels, misprints, and ambiguous wrong translations should be mentioned such as the following couplet from Abol Asvad Al- dowali: كَضَرائرِ الحَسناءِ قُلن لِوجهِها حَسَداً و بُغضاً انّها لَذمیمُWhich means: “like rival wives of a beautiful woman who with jealousy and spite call her ugly and deformed.”; In the book, it starts with کفراً یَرَ الحُسناً and has been translated by mistake as follows: “some shows the virtue as vice for their inferiority and enmity.” In the present study, the researcher tried to find poets of Arabic Poems regarding Qaem Maqam’s Monshaat which was edited by Badr-Al-Din Yaghmayi. Afterward Arabic couplets were analyzed and criticized. Then their syntactic relations with Persian expressions were mentioned.