جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "sistan" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

The intensification of Russia's economic presence in the east and southeast of Iran is an issue that knowing its reasons can determine the strategies of that government in the neighboring countries.The purpose of this article is to focus on Russia's economic activity in Sistan and the authors try to answer this question with a descriptive-analytical approach and using library and documentary methods "What factors caused the increase of Russia's economic presence in the western borders of India and Sistan". It seems that in addition to the strategic importance of Sistan in the political and military competition between the colonial powers at the end of the Qajar period, Sistan had a potential economic capability that attracted the attention of extra-regional powers. The results of this research show: Sistan always had an economic attraction due to agricultural products and trade routes; but the special global conditions of the "armed peace period" turned this region into a field of competition between Russia and England.

"Imageology", as an approach in literary and historical texts, and criticism, applies an interdisciplinary method to understand the culture, identity, and real image of a nation from the point of view of another. Al-Masalik Wa'l-Mamalik by Istakhri, a geographer and travelogue writer of the Persian region, is one of the important historical texts of the 3rd and 4th centuries AH. In his work, Istakhri introduces different regions and tribes of Iran and Islamic countries, one of which is Sistan and Sistanians. This research is an attempt to answer the following questions: what are the types of images of Sistan in Al-Masalik Wa'l-Mamalik, how did Istakhri judge and narrate these images, and what are the reasons for that? To that aim, all the images related to Sistan in Istakhri's book are extracted and classified into cultural, religious, political, historical, economic, architectural, and geographical indicators based on imagology. Also, Istakhrī's attitude in evaluation and to some extent his reasons for that were analyzed. The overall estimation of the images related to Sistan in Al-Masālik wa'l-Mamālik shows Istakhrī's positive view of this people and factors such as influence from previous books, ecology, national-religious tendencies and the structure of the society of his era was influential in presenting these images.

Mythological beliefs are enduring perspectives that have played a significant role throughout human history, shaping customs and traditions that influence how modern individuals interact and form relationships. These beliefs hold great anthropological importance and have influenced various sociological, artistic, and literary domains, leaving traces in diverse human phenomena. Central to these beliefs are indigenous and regional legends and stories, closely tied to traditional myths, demanding serious consideration. This study delves into the exploration of mythological convictions within Sistani's narratives and legends, employing a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings reveal prominent beliefs such as the concept of duality and conflicting forces, the reverence for sleep and dreams, divine royal glory (farre izadi), the belief in Utopia, and the sanctity of the deceased's remains within Sistani's tales and legends. These beliefs underscore the deep-rooted connection of the Sistani people with the ancient cultures of Iran and Scythia.

Aloukeh, in the Sistâni dialect, refers to wedding songs performed during marriage ceremonies. These songs have roots that trace back to the existence of humanity in this region and reflect the cultural richness and ancient civilization of this area. Additionally, Aloukeh is also prevalent in religious, romantic, and historical themes in Sistân. This article is dedicated solely to examining aloukeh-reading and its applications in wedding ceremonies. The current research has been conducted through interviews with multiple speakers and the use of library resources. This research examines the concept of "Alokhe," its etymology, historical background, performers, performance methods, and its various forms. It illustrates how dedicated the people of Sistân are to performing wedding rituals using their local dialect and the significance of this practice in their culture. Additionally, the comparison of celebratory songs from Sistân with similar examples from other regions in Iran highlights the fundamental role that poetic performance with melody plays in the indigenous and local customs of Iranian ethnic groups. On the other hand, this article examines the structural characteristics of various types of Aloukeh, including aspects such as weight, meter and rhyme, form, language, content, and literary elements. The abundance of songs and melodies for experiencing every moment of joy reflects the collective vitality and spirit of the people in this region. Their complete enjoyment of happiness and joy indicates the significance of celebrating one of the most fundamental aspects of life.

This article studies the roots of the dispute between the Sām dynasty and the central Kayanian government in Balkh (the old mythical reign of Persia). Although in Shahnameh, the Sām dynasty is presented as hostile to the Zoroastrian beliefs, and their opposition to Gushtāsp’s rule appears to be due to religious motives, the existence of political unrest in the Sistān region suggests that the conflict between the Sām family and the house of Gushtāsp is rooted in political issues, and the religious conflict is also a part of this political conflict. This means that if the demand for political independence and power had not been raised in the emirate of Sistān, religious differences could not have caused the marshaling of the two dynasties, whose conflict is reflected in significant parts of the national epic, especially in the story of Rostam and Esfandiyar.

Rituals are an integral part of the culture and history of the people of Sistan, an Iranian tribe, which has been uniquely expressed through their religious, ethnic, and tribal beliefs. Based on the mythological, anthropological, historical, and psychological characteristics of the Sistani people, their rituals set them apart from other Iranian tribes. Furthermore, these rituals have been depicted in the ancient tales of this region, serving as the foundation for various literary analyses. The purpose of this research is to explore the rituals portrayed in the stories of the people of Sistan and analyze their underlying themes using a descriptive-analytical approach, combined with the critical lens of myth criticism. Extensive studies confirm that Sistani narratives encompass a range of rituals, with notable examples including blood drinking, the myth of Oushidar, incestuous marriages, witchcraft, and mourning ceremonies. Many of these rituals originated from the ancient Iranian and Zoroastrian cultures, as well as the customs and practices of ancient tribes like the Scythians, eventually becoming deeply ingrained within the Sistan region's populace.

One of the common phenomena in the border areas of Iran and India is arms smuggling, which has played an influential role in social developments and security issues in these areas. Looking at historical sources, we can see that from about 1285 to 1305 AH, arms smuggling in these areas has increased significantly. Due to this issue, in the present study, using descriptive research method and using existing documents and historical studies in this field, the causes of this phenomenon have been investigated and the role of internal and external factors has been investigated. Accordingly, the question of the present study is what has been the trend of arms trade in the border areas of Iran and India and the reasons for its increase in this period? In this regard, we can first point out that having firearms is a serious need in the traditional system of Sistan and Baluchestan, which has been exacerbated by the outbreak of the Constitutional Revolution, World War I and the security situation in the region. With the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, Britain sought to prevent Marxist teachings from infiltrating other countries. Accordingly, regions such as Sistan and Baluchestan were at the center of the competition in the interests of Britain and its rival countries. These developments made the issue of firearms and trade and even arms smuggling in the border areas of Iran and India become an important issue due to its geographical location.

The aim of the present study is to use the method of documentary research and by referring to the relevant documents in this field to investigate why and how the arms trade flourished in eastern Iran in the mentioned period and explore the internal factors resulting from the political, cultural, social and economic contexts in the eastern regions as well as the factors affected by foreign political events that have been influential in the arms trade process in the Sistan and Baluchestan border region and the Indian subcontinent. As mentioned, in order to study this issue, we should pay attention to the internal causes and factors involved in this matter, as well as to external causes and factors, especially the role of colonial powers such as Britain and Russia, and of course we should not forget that the combination of Domestic and foreign causes, and in particular the role that governments such as Britain, Russia, and to some extent Germany have played in fostering the arms trade in these areas, deserve to be examined. it seems that in this particular period of time, colonial and aggressor governments have played a major role in the political and social developments in different parts of the world, and in the Middle East, including Iran, given that each of these governments, its affiliated groups They had created and played a key role in arms exchanges in the border areas of Iran and India by equipping and inciting these groups to strike at rivals and secure their interests. Therefore, according to these issues, the questions for which the present study seeks to find an answer are as follows: What are the reasons for the increase in arms trade in the border areas of Iran and India from 1285 to 1305 AH and what was the role of foreign governments in this regard?

According to the subject studied in this article, the factors of arms trade in the border areas of Iran and India have been studied and the process of this type of trade in the period from 1285 to 1305 AH has been studied. It seems that the best research method in this research is documentary and historical study method. Documentary research is a research based on evidence taken from the study of documents (Majdfar, 2003: 276). It can be said that the method of documentary research is used in almost all scientific researches and especially in historical researches, considering that such researches are related to past periods and the researcher does not have direct access to the people and events of that period. There is no choice but reference to authentic documents, books and writings related to that period or historical event. Accordingly, considering that in the documentary research method, the researcher collects his research data about actors, social events and phenomena from sources and documents (Sadeghi Fasaei and Erfan Manesh, 2015: 63), in this research Also, which is a historical research and direct access to the phenomenon under study is not possible, the best research method is the method of documentary research and referring to the documents and writings that exist on this issue.

Arms trade peaked in eastern Iran at the same time as World War I. In the past, the British imported weapons to Balochistan to cause unrest. The fact was that the presence of the McMahon delegation, the smuggling of arms and ammunition to Sistan under the guise of McMahon's goods, the strengthening of the Indian military in Quetta, and the gathering of military intelligence from Sistan to occupy that state, if necessary, took place. (Ra'is Tusi, 1385: 152). But arming the tribes of these areas was not in Britain's interest. During the war, some of these tribes became active under German influence to expel the British. Some of the factors influencing the anti-British movements of some Baluch tribes were: 1. extraordinary development of arms smuggling and its huge profits. 2. The anti-British spirit that existed among a number of tribal leaders. Some tribal chiefs, including Khalil Khan Gomshadzehi, Jihand Khan Yarahmadzai, and Juma Khan Ismailzai (Shahbakhsh), were hostile to the British and fought (Dayer, 1999: 39). 3. With the entry of the Ottomans into the war as one of Germany's allied states, the Baluchis were influenced by them because of their religious affiliation with the Ottoman Caliphate. Especially since it was rumored that Wilhelm II, the German emperor, converted to Islam (Bast, 1998: 84). The goal of the Germans during the First World War in Iran was to use their small forces to provide a situation to capture more forces of their enemies in Iran and thus prevent the deployment of troops to the European front. To achieve this goal, creating unrest in Iran, Afghanistan and India was their most important plan. Under such circumstances, the Germans increased their dominance over these areas by recruiting native forces and concluding agreements with some local tribal chiefs. For example, contacts were made between the mourners (Zug Meyer) and the Baloch leaders, including Bahram Khan Bampuri (Barkazai) (ibid: 116), and the Balochistan group was formed under the leadership of the mourners. The British formed the forces known as the "Eastern Belt of Iran" in July 1915 to confront the Germans and control the eastern borders of Iran (Ebrahimi, 2016: 104). In March 1916, these forces became the British force stationed in Sistan under the command of General Kirk Patrick. Their task was to prevent the movement of German agents and to prevent the entry of weapons and ammunition into Afghanistan and India. In addition to these forces, they also created a British force based in Balochistan (ibid: 106).

In the field of internal reasons for the increase in arms trade in the period from 1285 to 1305 AH it can be pointed out that with the constitutional event and subsequent events, the use of weapons expanded in different parts of Iran. The eastern regions were more intense and had a different nature. In other areas, the presence of nomadic tribes and the inability of the government to establish security were the main factors in the spread of the use of weapons, but in the eastern regions of the country, including Sistan and Baluchestan, Khorasan and Kerman, despite the lack of nomadic tribes, the use of weapons flourished. In fact, having firearms was an essential need in the traditional system of Sistan and Baluchestan, which was compounded by domestic and foreign conditions. But the outbreak of the Constitutional Revolution, World War I, and the conditions in the region intensified the desire to acquire weapons. This led to a boom in the arms trade in Sistan and Baluchestan. Because firearms had many customers and profits inside and outside the borders of Iran (Afghanistan and India). This caused concern and reaction in Britain. As the fire of war flared up, Britain took steps to maintain its interests and dominance over India and to counter the threats of hostile states. The sensitivity of this was so great for Britain that in order to prevent arson on the Indian border, they inevitably took extensive measures, including the formation of the eastern belt of Iran, the establishment of the southern police and the establishment of a military base in Sistan and Baluchestan.

Using the sources from the Islamic era and an analytic-descriptive research method, the author seeks to illuminate what Esfandiyar means by the term “Iranians” in the hemistich of “I shall give the realm to Iranians”, while complaining about his father, Goshtasb, to his mother. Many researchers of the Shahnameh (The Book of Kings) have raised this question whether Iran was not already in the hands of Iranians, so Esfandiyar would plan to take it back from his father and bring at their disposal? The research findings show that during the era of Kay Khosrow, Heroes considered Lohrasp, the grandfather of Esfandiyar, as an alien of ignoble origin,as he was a mandaeist (there are some inferences to this in The Shahnameh, while some other sources directly refer to his mandaeism), and he had close relations with such foreigners as Nebuchadnezzar II. In the hemistich quoted above, Esfandiyar intends to raise this subject to his father. Thus, “Iranians” in his words means Heroes of Sistan because the Parthians, of whom the dynasty of Zal and Gudarz are descendants, called their homeland and the surroundings “Iran-Shahr”. In the light of evidences, Sistan can be considered in connection with the expanse of Iranians (Iran-wīj)

In the religious texts of ancient Iran and especially in the Zoroastrian ones, the land of Sistan is of great importance so that its mythical, historical, geographical places and people related to it have been frequently cited. Given the importance of the issue and due to the lack of comprehensive research in this area, by using analytical-descriptive method, the present article attempts to examine the religious and mythological issues related to the land of Sistan covered in Zoroastrian texts. The results of the study show that the Scythians and the Kayanians were associated with this region. Also, since it is the birthplace of Zoroaster, it was the place of the spread and propagation of Zoroastrianism and the emergence of the eschatological saviors. In addition, in these texts, several holy mountains, holy fire temples, holy seas and holy rivers in Sistan are mentioned that show its privileged position in Zoroastrian religion. The frequent mention of Sistan in Zoroastrian texts can be a reflection of its religious and mythological image in this ancient religion.

Asuke is a kind of folk narrative in Sistan area in which the narrator plays a central role. In this paper, which seeks to identify and analyze the status of the narrator in Sistan’s Asuke , attempts have been made to explore the types of narratives, intradiegetic level and focalization facets of the narrator through a descriptive-analytical method. The preliminary results indicate that these narratives are rife with diverse levels of narratives, and in many of them, along with the omniscient narrative style, a mingling and interference of narrative levels is seen. In most asukes, it is the omniscient narrator, which thanks to its bird’s eye view, seeks to focalizes almost everything. This view, in turn, denies the characters the chance of anachronies or expression of ideas. From the point of view of the continuity of focalization, it was concluded that in most of asuke narratives that have a steady focalization, there is a single narrator that often remains constant till the end of story.

Ritual poetry forms a large part of Persian poetry, although attention to religious and ritual poetry overshadows much of the history of Persian poetry from the Khorasani style to the new poetry; Safavid and its focus on religious literary genre. In Sistan , which houses a large number of Shiites, ritual poetry has been widely welcomed. Poetry in this area can be cited in this regard. What distinguishes and illuminates the ritual poetry of Sistan is the special attention to literary beauty. Exquisite and beautiful metaphors can be considered as the most important aspect of Sistan's poetry in comparison to other parts of Iran, since the formation and prevalence of metaphor, which is the most mature literary beauty, expresses the perfection of poetry. Keywords: ritual poetry, Sistan, Shi'ism, metaphor, contemporary poetry.

The local and indigenous ceremonies in Sistan region shows the rich and old culture of this region. Following the rural culture, people of this region have used poetry and songs sufficiently for maintaining and reviving the mourning ceremonies. Ardah-mourning or reading quatrain is a deeply sad and mournful song in the mourning ceremonies of Sistan. This study employs library study as well as some interviews with the informants to investigate Ardah-mourning and its uses in the mourning ceremonies of Sistan. The history, the performants, the performance, and the time and place show that people of Sistan use their own dialect for this cultural practice. Compared with other types, this practice takes the lyrics and the music as basic aspects of the ancient ethnic groups within Iran. moreover, the study analyzes the Sistani quatrains, its tone, rhythm, form, language, content, and literary features. It is general claimed that the songs and lyrics are devices to soothe the sadness among the people in Sistan.

Ever since the last century regarding epic and its composition many valuable works have been published, yet on works such as Garshasbnameh, Faramarznameh, Shahriyarnameh,Azarbarzinnameh, and Bahmannameh one hardly comes across critical commentaries written based on the special social and political circumstances of Iran in the first Islamic centuries. In the above magnificent epics, the geography of events lead to India and all heroes are intertwined with Rostam, the national hero. The reason for these facts according to the study of these works is the historic migration of Zoroastrians to India which to a large extent influenced Persian literature and brought about meaningful changes in epic literature in particular. Zoroastrians’ activities in early post conquest centuries of Islam in Sistan province and their later migration to India are well connected with India being so bold in these epics and the central role of Rostam and his close connection with the champions in epic works is the outcome of this migration

Each language continues to survive by means of some of its variations. One of the important sub-domains of sociology of language deals with the geographical distributions of these variations. The aim of this study is to investigate the geographical distribution of some vowel variations in Sistani dialect spoken in Shahraki-Naroui and Miyankangi regions of Sistan. In order to determine the guide and main linguistic variations, we provided the free speech of one or two of the above fifty-year-old uneducated or less educated female and male speakers in 28 villages. Then a questionnaire including a lexical list was prepared and carried out. Finally, the exact area of each vowel variation was specified by using linguistic maps and drawing isoglosses via Geogrephical Information System (GIS) software. The research findings reveal that vowel raising, lowering, fronting and backing, and vowel simplification processes are considerably observed in these two regions. Similarly, noticeable Middle Persian linguistic remnants such as vowel length process and some cases of vowel retention can be intentioned. In addition, in spite of the linguistic similarities, because of some differences in the speech of the speakers, some accents coulde be identified in Sistani dialect spoken in these two regions. The most conspicuous one is Bârâni (locally pronounced Bârni) accent in Miyankangi region the speakers of which use the vowel variations more similar to those of the standard Persian language.

Influenced by various natural and human factors, Sindh territory used to have continuous and close relationship with Iran. Iran’s political and cultural developments influenced the Sindh history in a variety of ways. Certain rulers of Iran tried to conquer parts of Sindh. Some invaders to Iran also attacked some parts of Sindh. Following the invasion of foreign nations of Iran and certain internal political problems, a number of Iranians migrated to Sindh. Among the migrants, some were the deposed rulers or their relatives who tried to become ruler again. Still some others were scholars, literary figures and scientists who left some of their works in Sindh. In this manner civil and cultural relations continued along with political and military relations of Iran and Sindh. Ultimately political and cultural links of Iran and Sindh were weakened as a result of factors including the partition of the Subcontinent and Europeans entrance to the scene of regional relations in Asia. This article will focus on the ups and downs of such political and cultural relations.

The fourth and fifth centuries AH are the golden era of Arabic poetry in Iran when we see a great movement in Arabic poetry across Iran. Although it is unknown why، Sistan in Iran had a great role in the development and prosperity of Arabic poems. But no investigation has been done about its role up to now. The presentresearch seeks topresent some topics of Arabic poetry in Sistanthrough exploring different aspects Arabic poetry and then exploring the topics and aesthetic elements in Arabic poems of Sistani people.

The city of DahaneQolaman inSistan is one of the known archaeological sites in the eastern part of the Achaemenid Empire. The representatives of Zranka satrap (= state) have been carved on the east steps of the great hall of Persepolis bringing cows and long shields as gifts. Moreover, representatives of the other eastern states such as Indians, Arachosia and Gandarians are also carrying their gifts to the imperial court. Nowadays, the eastern states of this Iranian Empire are located outside the current borders of it in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.Achaemenid inscriptions and bas-reliefs clearly indicate the importance of the empire’s eastern states includingHindush, Arachosia and Gandarians. The political importance of this part of the empire is shown through the repetition of their names immediately after the governmental centers in the list of the states, their men being armed in some carvings as well as heavy taxes paid by them. The excavations carried out in Sistan, Pakistan and Afghanistan showed many historical unknown angles of these states and revealed their close cultural relations as well as civil and political interactions which allow us observe a cultural unity among them by looking at their contemporary old artifacts. For this purpose, the archaeological sites of Balambat, Achra and Charsada which have Achaemenid layers were studied archaeologically alongside with Nad Ali (SorkhDaq) in Afghanistan and DahaneQolaman in Sistan. Finally, their potteries were compared typologically from the point of form, technique and technical specifications. The results of this study showed that Sistan had more links to the eastern states of the empire than the internal parts.