جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "sorani kurdish" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

In the earliest version of Optimality Theory put forth by Prince and Smolensky (1993/2004), the Generator is allowed to apply more than one process on the input. This version of OT, which is known as “Parallel OT” is not able to identify derivations and intermediate forms. The requirement of the recognition of intermediate forms paved the way for the newer model of Serial OT, where the Generator is only allowed to apply one single process on the input. By analyzing the assimilation of the vowel before the glide /w/ in Kalhori Kurdish, Sorani Kurdish, and Bakhtiari Luri, this article aims to investigate whether this single process must be on each feature, or whether the node of place of articulation must be targeted. The Kurdish data were collected from 10 speakers of Kalhori and Sorani, and the Biakhiari examples were collected from Anonby and Asadi (2014). The analysis of the present study shows, in order to explain the assimilation of the vowel in Serial OT, the Generator must target the node of feature geometry rather than each phonological feature.

Various issues in morphological researches are promising enough for any linguist to devote a large part of his/her professional life to deal with morphological issues like compounding. In fact researches on compounding is at the center of attention among others. The most salient reason behind this is the use of compounding across all the world languages. The other reason is a kind of internal syntax within the resulting lexical items which imply that they are grammatically outlaws but pragmatically acceptable.  In what follows we will focus on nominal compounds formation in Sorani Kurdish based on Booij's (2010) Construction Morphology framework. What's interesting most here is presence of Semantic Head which leads to a dichotomy, namely, Exocentrics beside Endocentric compounds. In the second phase there is an emergent requirement to make more detailed classifications. In other words, while the presence of Head is the criterion to classify a nominal compound as endocentric, its position gives rise to the following classes: Head First, Head Last and Dual Head and Sorani Kurdish enjoys all the potential forms mentioned above. A bunch of works conducted to investigate compounding in Sorani Kurdish in different frames are as follow, Abbas (2021), Mostafa (2020), McCarros (2017) and Hamad (2016).

Theoretical Framework:

Epistemologically Construction Morphology grounds in cognitive linguistics with a Word-based view toward complex lexical items. Based on this approach a complex word is a construction, resulted from the integration of allowed items in the language supervised by mental frames lied in Hierarchical Lexicon named schemas. In other word any construction is a systematic integration of form and meaning. For instance, [unhappy]Adj in English observes the word formation pattern with the systematic meaning along with [not having the property of X]Adj in mental lexicon which does have a pyramid like shape with Macro-Schema on top, Second Order-Schema in between and Sub-Schemas in the base. So the schematic representation for the above instantiations and words alike adjectives will be as follow:  The present paper tends to find answers for following questions applying the construction morphology theory.What is the Macro-Schema dominating the nominal compounds in Sorani Kurdish?What are the Second-order Schemas governing the nominal compounds in Sorani Kurdish?What are the most frequently used semantic relations in Sorani Kurdish nominal compounds?

At a very initial stage of the research a corpus of 1400 nominal compounds extracted from Kurdish-Persian dictionary of HanbanaBourina (Sharafkandi, 1992) and Persian-Kurdish dictionary of the University of Kurdistan. After the application of Headness criterion 559 of the instantiations found were endocentric type. Collected data inserted into spreadsheets provided in Excel in accordance with constituent parts of speech, head position along with IPA transcription and literal translation beside their equivalents in Persian for further investigations. In The latter phase every single instantiation dissected into its constituent to provide feed for the following abstract schemas to make generalization over sets of existing complex words to unveil the pairing among form and meaning. <[[X]Ai [Y]Bj]N « [[SEM]i with relation R to [SEM]j]N> Where X and Y are phonological manifestation of a word, indexed with A & B to show their parts of speech related via Semantic Relation represented as R all resulted in the formation of left head endocentric nominal compound.

The main assumption of the article is that schemas play a pivotal role in determination of the lexical category of words beside their impact on desired meaning and semantic relationships among head and its modifier. Above all the nominal compounds fall into three main categories of [[N] [N]]N, [[N] [Adj]]N, [[Adj] [N]]N governed by: Macro – Schema [[X]Ai [Y]Bj]N{i, j} « [[SEM]{i, j} containing relation R between [X]i and [Y]j]{i, j} Second order – Schemas Dual Head Nominal Compounds Head Last Nominal Compounds Head First Nominal Compounds [[X]Ai [Y]Aj]Nij « [[SEM]ij with an equipollent relation between [X] and [Y]]ij [[X]Ai [Y]Bj]Nj « [[SEM]j with a relation R to [SEM]i]j [[X]Ai [Y]Bj]Ni « [[SEM]i with a relation R to [SEM]j]i Sub- Schemas [[X]Ni [Y]Nj]Nij « [[SEM]ij with an equipollent relation between [X] and [Y]]i [[X]Ni [Y]Nj]Nj « [[SEM]j with a relation R to [SEM]i]j [[X]Ni [Y]Nj]Ni « [[SEM]i with a relation R to [SEM]j]i [[X]Adj-i [Y]Nj]Nj « [[SEM]j with a relation R to [SEM]i]j [[X]Ni [Y]ADJ-j]Ni « [[SEM]i with a relation R to [SEM]j]i  It can be concluded that the main reason behind the variation in schemas is the freedom of head position. On the other hand, the overall meaning of nominal compounds affected by factors such as head position, lexical category, and order of the participating constituents in the construction. Results indicate that investigated lexical items fall under one Macro schema three Second order schemas and five subschemas but what is worth most is that schemas are the main meaning making source for Kurdish compounds beside their configuration. In addition, the pivotal role of schematicity can be seen both in their formal configuration and meaning making resources. Therefore, both form and meaning are the manifestations of governing schema and percolation of their specifications on the lower levels.

This study attempted to explore the hierarchical schematic system governing the formation of Sorani Kurdish exocentric nominal compounds to achieve their general meaning making model via the application of analytical-descriptive method based on Booij's (2010) construction morphology framework. In the first phase of data collection, 1400 nominal compounds of Kurdish-Persian Dictionary of Hahnbane Burina (Sharafkandi, 1991) and Persian-Kurdish Dictionary of university of Kurdistan (2014). Data analysis phase initiated with the identification of exocentric nominal compounds of the corpus by making use of Scalise and Goyura's (2011) hyponymy test beside the judgement of two author of the study as native speakers of Sorani Kurdish. Finally, 842 instantiations or 60% were found to be exocentric. The results showed that Sorani Kurdish exocentric compounds dominated by one macro-schema, 12 second-order schemas, and 54 sub-schemas. The results can be counted as a proof for the fact that nominal compounds of this type neither in form nor in semantic specifications are in total agreement with constituting elements. In other words, the rupture of motivation and blockage of the relationship between form and meaning is not a general feature among all exocentric compounds, while instantiations of this type cover a wide range of words with less dark meaning to absolutely dark lexical items. Accordingly, some of the nominal compounds did not benefit from formal head while the output constructions fall under “noun” as their parts of speech; thus it is the schemas that are effective both in determination of formal and semantic characteristics manifested in the output.

From a variationist perspective and with the idea that names do not merely have a referential function, but also contain information about geographical and social variations, the present study aimed to introduce the interdisciplinary discipline of “Dialectology of Proper Names”.

The research method used in this research was descriptive-analytical and the data were collected in the field with the help of informed people living in different villages of Baneh and Sardasht villagers, teachers in these villages, and also in some cases using the researcher’s information intuition.

The results of the present research showed a difference between the Sardashti and Baneh varieties in terms of the pronunciation of some proper names, which is in line with the differences between these two varieties of Sorani dialect. In examining the type of naming, it was found that metaphor-based naming, relying on concepts derived from nature, has a special place and role in Sorani Kurdish. Regarding nicknaming of people, examining the nicknames used in Baneh variety indicated that a person's appearance and behavioral characteristics could be the basis for nicknames. The animal naming section showed that Sorani speakers name domestic animals based on metaphors, their appearance, and behavioral characteristics. The naming of natural places in Surani Kurdish was based on metaphor, metonymy, appearance characteristics, etc., and in the case of settlements, it was based on the name of a prominent person, proximity to springs and rivers, etc.

Investigating the linguistic variation and diversity of proper nouns in the Surani dialect showed that proper nouns can be used as suitable variation indicators in dialectology, from different perspectives: geographic variation in proper names, geographic variation in the pronunciation of the same name, metaphor-based naming, nicknaming of people, naming animals, and place names.

The current research aims to investigate mood and modality in Sorani Kurdish within the Systemic Functional approach (Halliday and Matthiessen 2014). Specifically, the present study is an attempt to explore the nature of mood markers and the formalization of modality in Sorani Kurdish. The primary data has been collected using the Plank Questionnaire, administered to 442 participants. To explore mood-marking, the mood constituent in Kurdish clauses will be delineated, with the subject, finite, and mood adjuncts identified as the three main components of the mood constituent. Then, system of modality in Kurdish, modalization, and modulation will be discussed. Data analysis suggests that finite in Kurdish does not stand on its own and needs to be conflated with the predicate. The main grammatical categories used in Kurdish to represent modalization and modulation are modal verbs and pseudo-grammaticalized modal clauses. Statistical data also shows that mood adjuncts are only sporadically used in Kurdish to describe modality. Moreover, the morphological subjunctive mood will be analyzed as operative over verbal categories and hence not part of the mood constituent.

Abstract:The present research explores the analysis of semantic network of two prepositions in Sorani Kurdish:"bæ,læ"within the framework of cognitive semantics. Cognitive semantics has a special view toward preposition. One of the recent models is the Principled Polysemy Model (Tyler & Evans 2003). The prepositions "bæ, læ" have a two final "æwæ, dɑ" in the end of their noun phrase that distinguishes this research from other. the primary sense of"læ" is "beginning, source" and its semantic network contains 15 senses. The circumposition "læ… dɑ" determined for primary sense and its metaphor cluster of sense. The circumposition "læ…dɑ" for containment's cluster and the preposition "læ" for other distinct senses. The preposition"bæ" has 12 distinct senses and the"adherence" is specified as its primary sense. The circumposition "bæ…æwæ" determined for primary sense and its metaphor cluster. The circumposition "bæ…dɑ" for containment's cluster and the single preposition:"bæ" for other distinct senses.

Following Svennevig’s (1999) model and framework in conversation analysis, this paper aims at examining the most common conversational sequences applied by unacquainted participants. To achieve this purpose, recorded conversations between six unacquainted Kurdish speakers are analyzed. The aforementioned speakers, are newcomers of a mountain climbing club in Bane County who have tried to elicit their interlocutors’ personal and social information or represent their own information while communicating. According to the results, at least two different types of conversational sequences can be recognized in these conversations: direct type and indirect type. The direct type consists of at least three turns: the first speaker’s question, the addressee’s response to this question and the first speaker’s reaction to this response. The indirect type consists of a set of temporary breaks in the conversation process. These temporary breaks -called side sequences- are provided by the participants to examine, repair or display their background knowledge about the ongoing topic.

The purpose of this study is to examine the passive in Sŏranī and Kurmanji Kurdish based on Role and Reference Grammar. The strategy of the research is analytic-comparative. Sŏranī and Kurmanji, respectively, manifest morphological and periphrastic passive voice. In Sŏranī (Mahǎbǎdi) passive is marked by suffix rǎ/rě attached to a verb and in Kurmanji by the auxiliary verb hǎtin "to come" along with infinitive. In this study, it is shown that despite the past transitive constructions in Kurmanji and Sŏranī, respectively, display ergative morphology and non-accusative (neither ergative nor accusative), the passive is insensitive to the tense, namely, passive in the past and present tenses follows the same pattern of accusative languages and it shows that passive construction canonically involve two phenomena of the universal formulation of basic voice oppositions in Van Valin (2007): privileged syntactic argument (PSA) modulation and argument modulation. Furthermore, this study shows that the Role and Reference Grammar approach cannot make a clear account about those non-active structures that form from intransitive complex verbs.

The author’s aim in writing this article is to study complement clauses in Sorani dialect of Kurdish and compare them with Givon's Binding Hierarchy. Having Observed predicates' behavior and their complements, we came to the conclusion that predicates classification and binding hierarchy of complements in Sorani , except in a few numbers, follows the diagram presented by Givon, and confirms his claim that binding hierarchy of complements is a universal tendency among world languages.

The present paper examines the nature of verb lexical aspect and its relation to -rā/rē non-active morpheme in Sorani Kurdish based on Vendler (1956 & 1967) and Croft (2010). The research method is analytic-descriptive. The article shows that although some verbs have the same aspectual features، they don’t have the same behaviour regarding the attachment of rē/rā morpheme since the verb form، namely simple or non-simple، affects the attaching -rē/rā morpheme. It shows that not only the lexical aspect، but the form of the verb morphology plays a crucial role in accounting for the presence or absence of -rā/rē morpheme at the syntax level which، in turn، implicates the interaction between the meaning، morphology and syntax in this language. Furthermore، in this article، it is shown that in most cases، the «in phrase» and «for phrase» tests are not efficient means to distinguish telic from atelic events. This causes these tests not to play a crucial role to distinguish events based on lexical aspect in Kurdish. Nonetheless، the-rā/rē non-active morpheme can attach to the verb in both telic and atelic events. So there is no direct relationship between a non-active structure and the telicity.