جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مرید و مراد » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Islamic mysticism is a school which started from the second century with asceticism and after two centuries reached the idea of “Annihilation” and “Survival in God”. This proposition, shows the route that is observed in this school’s path of evolution which is usually accompanied with many ups and downs. Khizr is a Quranian character which, according to the Sufis, has been a companion to the disciples and has accompanied them from the birth of mysticism until its highest degrees throughout this path. However, he does not appear in this route the same way at all times; he is sometimes the all-knowing sage and sometimes the passionate beginner. This study, observes the many forms of Khizr’s presence in a descriptive - analytical manner, and with it has taken to the recognition of the Islamic mysticism’s evolutionary path, based on the books Tabaqat al’Sufia, Kashf al’Mahjub and Mersad al’Ebad which have been written in three different eras of Islamic mysticism. Based on this criterion, the further we go from the early centuries of this evolution, the lower Khizr’s rank in the eyes of mystics.

The noble principle of ‘saint-ship’ is one of the main axes of Islamic Sufism and Gnosticism. The need of wayfarer to the help and guidance of a perfect master (shaykh) and saint in the complex mystical journey has constantly been emphasized in educative books of Sufism – whether prose or poem. Hakīm Termāzī is the first Sufi to introduce the concept of saint-ship within the form of a theory and an intellectual system. However, Mohī al-Dīn Ibn Arabī was the one who systematized this theory in a complete and comprehensive manner.The present paper aims at presenting the evolution of saint-ship thought and its related discussions based on the most important prose books of Sufism, and in some cases the poems of prominent Gnostic figures. It covers the theories on saint-ship from third century hejri to the contemporary time that is the beginning of the Constitution. Study of Ibn Arabī and his disciples, related to the al-Andalus school, is due to the importance of Ibn Arabī in the realm of Islamic mysticism and his focus on the perfect human and master.

The noble principle of «saint–ship» is one of the most important aspects of Islamic Sufism. The prose and poetic books written by suphies emphasized that a disciple needs to follow the guidance and instructions of a wise sheikh in order to have the frightening valleys and dark ways behind him. Meanwhile it is impossible to ignore the key role of the most important Sufism prose books such as Att’aarrof, Kashf–ul–Mahjub and Mesbah-ul-Hedaya. Att’aarof is one of the primary works of Sufism which reinforced the beliefs of sufists in the very beginning of the fourth century very briefly but in as exact a way as possible and with good reasoning – this was the golden age in which Sufism was approaching its scientific and technical ultimate; Kashf-ul-Mahjub followed by Sharh-e-T’aarrof by Mostamali Bokhari is the first book written in Persian on Sufism which is considered as a work of great importance among sufist books. Also Hojviri in a complete and detailed way addresses the issues including the issue of «saint–ship» which was typical of the tassavof discussions then. Misbah-ul-Hidaya is also unique in terms of Sufism and morality among Persian works of 7th century. Examining the ideas of 3 authors regarding «saint-ship» can, to a large extent, represent the common ideas in this field during different eras, that is, fourth, fifth and seventh centuries. Studying these books can yield a good sample representing the general ideas about the issue of «saint-ship» in Islamic Sufism, since these 3 books have certainly taken advantage of their previous or contemporary works and had also influenced the works after themselves.