جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کاربردشناسی زبان » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Forensic linguistics as a branch of applied linguistics has taken place in the analysis of court discourse in the world, and newly, in the Iranian court contexts. This discipline has helped the legal language to analyze discoursal elements among the court participants. This is a mixed-methods research through which qualitative and quantitative analyses have been followed. The research was to discover pragmatic aspects of court discourse. One of these aspects was the spoken style markers (McMenamin, 2004) used by judges and defendants in Iranian criminal courts. Data were analyzed through descriptive (i.e., frequency, means, and percentages) and inferential statistics (i.e., Chi-square, X2) to compare judges' and defendants' conversations. Analysis of the “spoken style” variable showed that defendants' and judges' spoken styles differed significantly. The judges use the “use of formal spoken style” discourse markers more than the defendants. In sum, results revealed that judges and defendants used each discourse marker differently to play a role in strengthening or weakening speakers' power. Implications of the study suggest several guidelines for training judges in pre-service and in-service courses that provide them with linguistic and discoursal knowledge of how to use language pragmatically and practically to smooth the court processes.

Language as an effective tool in the continuous exchange of thought, emotion and experience is a prominent feature of man. The fundamental importance of language in creating the communication process has caused the components of this systematic body to be researched and studied by experts in the field of linguistics from various angles, and the need for research in the application of pragmatics is an important form of linguistic research. Pragmatics is the study of co- text meaning and the exploration of invisible meanings that the speaker / writer intends to convey. In the meantime, "court letters" stand such an analysis well because they sometimes find special, extraordinary, and sensitive tasks; Letters that, because of their existential characteristics, such as distinct political conditions, power struggles, areas of confrontation between social classes, specific audiences, and the like, are considered outstanding and thought-provoking works. Based on the pragmatic theories of Yule, the present article examines one of the most prominent court letters, "Letter from the nobles of the Ghaznavid state to Massoud " in Tarikh Beyhaqi, and examines the implicative message and speech acts of this letter. Realizing the overt and covert messages of this letter is crucial because this strategy not only reflects the power structure and social and human relations that reflect the hidden efforts of the authors in changing the current political situation. The present study can be used as a window to understand the special treatment of certain types of literary texts, "court letters".

Grammar is a bidirectional system that links forms and meanings together so it is speaker-oriented as well as listener -oriented. The text, as the product of this system, is also bidirectional. In this paper, using the data of two screenplays by Asghar Farhadi, in the framework of Blutner's bidirectional optimization (1998, 2000) and its reinforcement by Sperber and Wilson’s relevance theory (1995), we studied Persian discourse markers. We used the amount of cognitive effects and the time to reach them as constraints in optimality and presented a new definition of the discourse markers. It was found that discourse markers lead to the production of optimal relevance by producing context through presupposition, guiding the audience to achieve cognitive effects and reducing the processing time of cognitive effects. We concluded that optimality in text is the result of applying the optimization process to the text production and interpretation simultaneously and bidirectionaly.

Implied meaning (hereafter, non-literal or indirect implicature) is studied in the field of pragmatics which considers the intended meaning in the context of the situation (Yule, 1996). The implied meaning is not denotatively expressed, but it is only understood through the shared knowledge of the interlocutors. This study explores the MA Persian speakers' lack of mastery on the listening module of TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) since they cannot comprehend the implied (i.e., non-literal) and consequently, they achieve unsatisfactory results in listening section. Sixty-two MA graduate students took the TOEFL listening module and they were divided into two groups of high and low achievers based on their test scores. Data were analyzed through the theoretical framework of Gricean Maxims (1975). K-S test and independent samples t-test showed that the sub-groups of high and low achievers are significantly different in understanding the implied meanings of relevance and quantity maxims. However, both high and low achievers were not significantly different in quality and manner maxims; however, the scores of high achievers were greater than the low achievers. The difference did not meet the significant level (.05). The findings of the study suggest that teachers should focus on relevance and quantity maxims as the problematic maxims in recognizing the implied meaning of the items. The nature of relevance and quantity maxims should be clarified to the MA learners who need to infer the implied meanings of the TOEFL listening module. Linguists always note the study of sentence meaning because an utterance may convey various interpretations. Implied meanings of these interpretations may not attract the attention of people since they are so conventionalized that we consider them as literal. However, they may hinder communication or cause misunderstanding on the part of the listener or reader. This problem can be amended through apologizing or giving background knowledge. Although everyone has various interpretations of the utterances, the context of the situation may limit a set of meanings. In this case, the listeners' meaning can be different from the speakers' intended meaning which is implied and this is the role of the listener or reader who should discover the implied or indirect meaning of the utterances. Thus, the receivers should distinguish the sentence and utterance meanings of the senders' speech. Certainly, linguistic structures convey fixed meanings at the syntactic level (e.g., It is very hot.) to open a small talk on the bus. This is different from the same utterance (e.g., It is very hot.) when the speaker implies a request (i.e., get me a glass of water.). If the addressee does not understand the implied meaning of the latter, he/she may get confused (Verschueren, 2016(.In this study, we analyzed the participants’ responses to pragmatically loaded TOEFL short dialogues to identify the characteristics that made them difficult for MA students. The origin of the difficulty of understanding the nonliteral meaning is the employment of Grice cooperative principles in the tests. The short dialogues, which are characterized by the quantity principle, are the most difficult ones but those that are characterized by the relevance principle are the simplest. These simple dialogues may become difficult if they are culturally loaded or if there is a combination of implicatures. Some items are tricky and do not indicate the complexity of the dialogue or the implicature. Although the words “implied” and “inferred” are interchangeably used, they do not convey the same meaning and are not processed similarly. They may be a source of difficulty even for native speakers. If words such as “imply” “mean”, and “suggest” are used in the item (e.g. what does the man imply?), it is the signal that there is an implicature in one of the utterances in the short talk exchange. This can help the learner to identify the nonliteral meaning. Although the scenarios in the TOEFL exam correspond to the real communication context, there is no one to help and signal the learner that her/his interlocutor may convey a nonliteral or implied meaning. In sum, it is recommended to consider these as well as Grice principles in teaching and learning listening comprehension module.The study of the application of Gricean principles in the TOEFL listening exam revealed the difficulties in inferring the implied meanings of the listening items which contain pragmatic and connotative aspects of language. Thus, the learners even at the graduate level need to learn the inferring strategies. Administrators of the listening comprehension test may encourage the students to focus their attention on the implied meanings. Moreover, this study reveals the effective role of the distracters which may be used as an inappropriate implicature.Further research may deal with the other international exams like IELTS, TOLIMO, GRE to discover the nature of listening items, their correct choices, and distractors as well. Reading, speaking, and writing skills could be the subject of future studies since both receptive and productive language skills need to be evaluated in terms of the quality of their items regarding the reliability and validity of test construction.

Will is an inner attitude that motivates one to do something. The meaning of this concept in linguistic knowledge is the fulfillment of the prolocutor will when delivering the speech. It means that the prolocutor deliver his speech consciously and is not in states such as sleep, drunkenness, madness, etc. The appearance of some rhetorical thinkers imply the involuntary exquisite techniques. The present study seeks to explain the place and function of the concept of will in exquisite processes by applying a pragmatic approach and to reveal its necessity and importance in exquisite processes. It is hoped that, in this way, a clear answer can also be given in refuting the assumption of involuntary exquisite techniques and by separating and analyzing exquisite techniques based on the concept of will, a more complete and clearer picture of the process of creation of these techniques can be provided from the emergence of the prolocutor to the stage of receiving and reading by the audience. The results of a sample survey of 6 exquisite techniques (shape, eulogy similar to blaming, blaming similar to eulogy, Uslub al-Hakim, justification, verbalism, and exaggeration) indicate that disregarding the will of the prolocutor in these techniques, their value and nature are based on questioning the person and facing serious problems in their application. It is also suspected that the"exquisite techniques" which are understood by some rhetorical thinkers have been rejected, and that "intent" has been used, not in the sense of "will", but in the concept of "pretension".

Speech act theory is known as the fundamental aspects of language pragmatism which considers the role of language in its applications and the contextual use. In such a scientific area of language study, speech act theory focuses on discovering the unobservable relationship between the language and an act known as pragmatics. To this purpose, the present study is an effort to analyze one of the odes of the resistance poet, Mahmoud Darvish, with a descriptive-analytic methodology. It aims to discover the resistance speech acts according to the semantics, context, and pragmatics which are accompanied by the poet in his ode “Qasidat-al-Arz”. As together with John Searl's speech act theory, results show that the assertive and expressive speech acts have the highest frequency among others in the so-called ode. The assertive speech act of the poet was in concordance with proving the geo-political identity, mentioning the truths and the usurped rights of Palestinians. It is with an emphasis on the past to testify his claim in order to promote emotional motivation and esprit. In the expressive speech act, the poet attempts to demonstrate a grim picture of his feelings because of the happenings of his contemporary. His speech acts are stated implicitly which are prerequisites of a poetic text.

Due to the advancement of film making technologies, we are witnessing, in this new era, the overabundance of different animations, such as Shrek, Brave, Frozen, etc., whose respondents are majorly children and adolescents. An important feature of these animations is their ironic or their humoristic language. Given that the transmission of humor (formally and functionally) varies in each culture and that the same message in two different linguistic-cultural spheres would not have the same effect (perception) and that the loyalty of dialogues in the translation of the films and animations is of less importance than the coherence of dialogues, audio and video, the question may be raised is that what translation techniques the translator adopts to translate the humoristic language. This paper, therefore, aims to investigate how humorous elements are translated within in Incredibles 2 (2018). First, we present the specified features of the multifaceted world of animation and its translational challenges. Then we examine the function and perception of humor in both the original and dubbed versions. Finally, the translator’s techniques for the transmission of humoristic references in the Persian version of Incredibles 2 are discussed.

Tale of Rostam and Esfandyar is an indicator of the inner conflict within the formal power structure and represents the manner in which resistance takes shape against the dominant power discourse. This conflict and involvement in the tale are posed by narrative, dialogue, conversational schemes and sometimes is presented in terms of certain rhetorical structures. This article deals with the study and analysis of conversation and dialogue as part of critical discourse analysis and further makes use of certain applied linguistic parameters in order to analyze the dialogue between two main characters of the tale that is Rostam and Esfandyar. This study shows that power relations in Iran’s court and political institutions enriches the language and the structure of the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar with ideological sense and rhetorical power discourse is seen to cast a shadow over the tale. Esfandyar is the representative of religious and political power and Rostam is the representative of national and heroic power who against his inmost wishes gets involved with an involuntary duel with Esfandyar. Power discourse causes language to function in a particular context and to create a specific rhetorical approach in a way that when this passes through the filter of Ferdowsi’s mind, new discourse system with a new identity is formed.

Discourse markers are linguistic elements which make relations between discourse units. In other words, these linguistic elements make the discourse cohesive and do not let discourse deviate. Discourse markers perform different functions in language system. So far, discourse markers have been studied in different frameworks, according to different approaches, and in different spheres. In this research, diverse functions of the discourse marker "Xob" which is the most frequent discourse marker based on this research are analyzed in the two-fold framework of Brinton (1996), in functionalism approach, and in pragmatics sphere. As this research is a corpus based study, a colloquial corpus has been selected, consisting of three telefilms: "panj tā panj", "ye bilit Šāns", and "amu jān Hitler" (on CDs). In regards to the data of this research, the discourse marker "Xob" functions mostly in the interpersonal meta-function and the most frequent function of this discourse marker is expressing reaction.

Apology is an important social-pragmatic phenomenon in politeness field of study. This paper explores the apology strategies in Kurdish language by qualitative and quantitative methods. It sheds light on analyzing the data collected with the discourse completion task from 120 Kurdish subjects, supported by 24 interviews during 2016. The participants are divided by gender into 60 males and 60 females in the DCT data; 12 males vs 12 females. The results show use of similar apology strategies by both gender groups over situations, but with proportionally different frequencies, except in certain situations due to gender differences. In addition to gender as a striking social variable in Kurdish culture, the study also explores the significance of age and social status of subjects in conceptualizing apology acts. The study also displays the effect of the apology recipient’s social features on the subjects’ conceptualization and their obligation to apology. The clear significance of the apology supporting sub-strategies is also revealed in the study. The findings of the study are not consistent in many cases to those of other researchers, mainly western ones, with regard to the effect of gender and the use of responsibility strategy as an essential strategy other cultures. the study shows the collective features of the Kurdish culture which make them apologize differently, in certain situations, from other cultures. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the diversity of the apology strategies is based on the nature and severity of offence that can vary according to social norms prevailing in Kurdish culture.

The present study dealt with the content of teaching Persian in the early stages (1st and 2nd years) as well as during the implementation of the five-year education program in the Russian Federation. The article also overviewed Persian textbooks used in the higher education institutes in Russia. In so doing, the study aimed at showing main criteria for writing standard educational materials. Nowadays, updating educational materials in accordance with the basic principles of teaching and learning languages as well as applied linguistics is a must. To achieve these goals, it is necessary to take learners’ practical needs and future perspectives into account. To do so, the study sought to determine the main themes and subjects to be used in the process of teaching Persian as a foreign language. These subjects might include politics, economy, law, culture, technology and science, banking, international organizations, etc.