جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Najib Mahfūz » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

In Bourdieu’s view, social world is based on difference, and difference is manifested in structural concepts such as social space, field, class, capital and also in practice concepts like habitus, actions within field, taste and preference. Usually such fields as art, literature, and culture are rich representations of society, the analysis of which will result in understanding society. Therefore, understanding literary texts, for example, through Bourdieu’s approach will show ways of difference in societies. Al-Las va al-Kilab is one of Najib Mahfuz’s symbolic novels that is suitable to be investigated using the above-mentioned concepts as the novelist, considering concepts such as religion, culture, society and class, deals with social and political status of society of Egypt and criticizes the dominant injustice. The novel narrates limitations and specific conditions that are dependent on a vast and complicated set of personal and social necessities. Within sociological criticism and using Bourdieu’s theory, that this research examines the novel Al-Las va al-Kilab from a sociological perspective and with an analytical approach.the study tried to investigate and show manifestations of difference in Al-Nas va al-Kilab represented in concepts of habitus, field, capital, social space and social classes, taste and preference. The results of the study showed that the novelist highlights a kind of cultural and class difference based on habitus and capitals of characters in different fields by examining the role of characters in social structures, so that characters in different fields and based of their habitus and according to their capitals, taste and their position and social classes in social spaces, show different manifestations of difference.

Following the socio-political developments of the world and acquaintance with the works of Western literature, Iran and Egypt, like other countries, began to publish their literary concepts and thoughts. In this regard, the similar political, cultural and social conditions of the two nations of Iran and Egypt have caused an intellectual understanding between the two countries and the result is the closeness of the literature of the two countries. Among these similarities is two novels, Golshyri’s Shãzdih Ehtijãb and Najib Mahfüz’s al Shahhãz, which have similar thematic features such as; stream of consciousness, Surrealism features, and the outward and inward descriptions. The aim is to examine these similarities to obtain a new understanding of the structure and content of these two valuable works in the field of comparative literature. The work is descriptive-analytical and based on the American school of comparative literature. Some of the results are as follows: a) The similar structures in these two novels show that two authors are influenced by the techniques of storytelling in Western literature. B) The strong presence of the characteristics of surrealism in the two novels causes their acceptance in the category of novels of this school. C) Dealing with social conditions such as political and social repression and lack of freedom of expression, is a pretext for two writers to achieve a special style of writing - surrealism and the stream of consciousness to express their intentions.

The expression of novel in literature deals with various literary works whose corner-stones are being written in prose, being like a story and its length. The main elements that convey the theme of a novel are its characters. A novel is an indicator of the behaviours and states of the characters whose unique names and characteristics in an outside world have substitutes that indicate the fate of other members of the society for the reader. The writer of the novel creates the characters from an example of real mankind and tries to indicate their reactions to the deeds and behaviors of themselves and other characters. In a word, it creates an example of a real mankind with all its mental and emotional characteristics. Therefore, in order to create a valuable literary work, he should have enough skills in terms of characterization. The present study is an attempt to indicate the effort of Najib Mahfūz, the famous and contemporary Egyptian novelist, to the element of character and different ways of characterization in his literary works that in this investigation, this phenomenon is just examined in the novel “al-Lis va al-kilāb”. The main motivation in the selection of this character and novel is the place of this literary work in Arabic story writing because some people consider it as a corner-stone in Arabic story writing. This study first investigated the definition and place of character in literature and after enumerating different types of characters and different methods of characterization, the novel will be investigated based on the above mentioned criteria.