جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Timurid Period » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Ghazal is one of the most common formats in Persian literature and it is rare to find a poet who has written a ghazal. Esmat Bukharai is a poet of the Timurid period and one of the lyricists of this period who wrote beautiful romantic and mystical lyrics. In this article, we have analyzed two hundred sonnets of Esmat Bukharai from the three perspectives of linguistic, literary and intellectual style.

Considering its theoretical nature, the current research has been conducted based on library and electronic studies and in a descriptive-analytical style, and the target society and scope is Diwan Asmat Bukharai by Ahmad Karmi.

Based on the findings of this research, Esmat Bukharai's poetry, compared to other poets of his time, does not have thin imaginations and complex and slow-to-understand themes. His poetic language is simple and fluent and there are no significant slang terms and interpretations in it. In his sonnets, he has used mystic and Qalandran themes.

The poet has used calm and heavy weights and brook like (Raml and Hazaj) which are suitable for pleasant romantic themes and express the feelings of the poet in sadness. He has shown special attention to rhyme and lines, and his sonnets are almost free of rhyme defects. He has refrained from bringing heavy and abandoned Arabic expressions. Ismat Bukharai has used sensory to sensory and intellectual to sensory similes a lot. Metaphors of innocence are not far from the mind and can be seen in ancient poems. Hints also have a special place in his poems, but innovation is not seen in them and it is repetitive. The main theme of his poems is love and the separation of the beloved, and the burning and burning caused by this love. It also contains lyrical and mystical themes and it is like the predecessors in war and controversy with Zahad the hypocrite.

Like literature, architecture has a bond with symbols, mysteries, metaphors, mystical concepts, socio-cultural mentalities and etc. and like literature is considered one of the most outstanding displays of the culture and thoughts of nations in different periods. In fact, words, elements and idioms in architecture are considered as one of the inspiring, artistic and array making tools for poets and writers. Extracting, studying and assessing buildings that are mentioned in poetry and writings of Persian literature, helps to know the architectural styles of different periods and to illustrate the ambiguous parts of Islamic and Persian history of architecture to a large extent. The period under study in this article is the Timurid period which it's most important characteristic in its architecture, is related to the decoration of its buildings and in this view this period is considered to be one of the most important periods of Islamic architecture. On one hand results of this research are an indicator of the usage of decorations like “Muqarnas, plastering, engraving, calligraphy and inscription, goldsmithing, woodcarving and shamseh” in architecture in Timurid period, and on the other hand are an illustrator of the manner and amount of usage of these decorations in the creation of literary arrays in poetry of this period. This article is prepared using the library and interpretation and analyzation method. Surely literature is one of the most important resources of discovery and extraction of kinds of decoration used in architecture in different periods. and architectural decorations are also considered one of the most beautifying tools in literary texts. So, study of important works of poetry and writing remaining from the Timurid period, especially Jami's poetry is very important in this view.

Gholam Ahmad Ahmadi Madrasi is one of the unknown Persian-speaking Indian poets that lived during the late Timurid period; the only remained writing of him is a selection of his sonnets from a manuscript that is being kept in the Parliament Library. He can be considered among the second rate poets of his period; Those who perhaps had not create a revolution in the form and content of poetry in Persian، but their poetry was a manifestation of first moves for the beginning of a period that later reputed to the return of literary and the motivation of addressing for such poet in this article is the mentioned point. The sonnets of Ahmadi Madrasi، from both word and content point of view، are similar to the Iraqi style. His poems are simple، smooth، and far from complexity، there is no imagery and bizarre metaphors and away from out of mind themes of the Hindi style poetry. The research method in this study is based on the sonnet style analysis of the poet.

One of the great figures of Timurid period is Moin-al-Din Mohammad Zamji Esfazari Heravi، the famous letter-writer، poet، calligrapher and historian of whom a number of works have remained. The only published work of this writer is the book Rozat al-Janat fi Osaf Madina Harat and his other works have been forgotten throughout time. One of his outstanding works is Tarassol. This work consists of an introduction، four letters and a conclusion and it is one of the works which became famous even in the time of its writer. At the beginning of this work، the writer mentions the theoretical basics of epistolary and letter-writing and then he includes the letters he wrote as a letter-writer on behalf of Sultan Hossein Bayghara. There are various types of formal and informal letters in this work such as: Amsale، Manashir، orders، symbols، Soltaniat، Ekhvaniat، Ojubeh etc، and Esfazari has tried to make his work not only a comprehensive list of letters in Timurid period but also an example for letter-writers and، probably due to this reason، this work became so popular. The style of this work is elaborated and the structure of its letters is very similar to common structures of other epistolaries of Timurid and previous periods. However، there are a number of letters like Ketabeh، Vaghfnameh، introduction، epitaph، As’ale etc، in this work due to which this work does not simply consist of governmental letters like symbols، charters and Soltaniat; something which is absent in the works of Esfazari’s contemporaries. This article tries to introduce the content of Esfazari’s work، state his ideas about letter-writing and investigate structural characteristics of this work.