جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Vinay » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Translation scholars have developed different approaches to demonstrate the nature of translation, one being the cannibalistic post-colonial approach. The story is -Brazilian natives ate the Portuguese priest (a symbol of colonization) during a ritual. This event was later presented as the Declaration of Cannibalism, and symbolically, the act of digesting and absorbing the achievements of the colonizer, by eating the flesh and drinking blood through which, the colony got stronger.

If we look at Masnavi Ma’navi from this perspective, the reason for the Quran’s tremendous influence on it will be completely clear. To clarify the impact of the Quran on Masnavi Ma’navi from a post-colonial translation perspective, Vinay and Darbelnet’s model is adopted because the post-colonial perspectives often have descriptive approaches. Vinay and Darbelnet’s model is concerned with two direct and indirect translation strategies in linguistics and translation studies.

The results of the study indicate that Masnavi Ma’navi, from a post-colonial perspective, is a form of translation of the Quran. Molavi’s motivation in resorting to Quranic verses, in parallel to the meaning of his poems, is to establish a Utopia of Persian literature so that Persian language and literature can reach the level of the high cultures of the world. Although Molavi applied both direct and indirect translation strategies in transferring Quranic verses into Masnavi Ma’navi, he is interested in ingurging, modulation, and equivalence methods as well.

Translation scholars have developed customized theories to demonstrate the nature of translation with ideological tendencies. One of these theories is the cannibalistic postcolonial approach. It dates back to the story where Brazilian natives ate the Portuguese priest (a symbol of colonization) during a ritual, later presented as the Declaration of Cannibalism. Symbolically, the act of digesting and absorbing the achievements of the colonizer, especially their language, by eating the flesh and drinking blood of the other party, was transformed into a means of strengthening and promoting the colony’s power. In brief, the objective of the colony was to absorb the power of the colonizer within itself as to generate new authority. Eating foreign flesh and drinking blood in this ritual is a symbolic sign of respect and acceptance statute and superiority, with no denial or rejection on the colonizer part. In this perspective, the colony replaced the subordinate stance with the superior stance and, like a superior culture, reached power and glory. In the Homogenetic approach perspective in the translation process, the source text is ingurgated to strengthen the target text (TT). A deep look at Masnavi Ma’navi in this perspective, the reason for the Quran’s tremendous influence on it will be completely clear. To clarify the impact of the Quran on Masnavi Ma’navi from a postcolonial translation perspective, Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet’s model is adopted because postcolonial perspectives have descriptive approaches and it is necessary to integrate these approaches with pattern-based and analytical approaches.

Method and Materials:

The Holy Quran and Masnavi Ma’navi constitute the primary sources of this study. The effect of the Holy Quran on Masnavi Ma’navi from the viewpoint of post-colonial translation is combined with Vinay and Darbelnet’s model. The two general strategies of their model are direct translation and oblique translation. Accordingly, in any translation, there exist seven key active processes or procedures::Ingurgitating: is to take a word from the source language (SL) and hold it in the target language (TL), the easiest of the procedures, usually applied in one of two situations: when addressing a new technological method for which there is no term in the TL, or when holding a word from the SL for stylistic effect, where the translator applied a foreign word.

Calque:

 is when a word from the ST is translated into the TT. Calques either adopt the TL syntax when translating each word literally, or they disregard the TL syntax and stick to the SL syntax, thus, making syntactical structure complicated in TT.
Literal Translation: according to Vinay and Darbelnet, this approach can only be applied in specific situations. These scholars believe that interpreting word for word without changing the context is an appropriate measure applied in literal translation. Simply, literal translation broadens the meaning of a calque more appropriately.

Transposition:

 according to Vinay and Darbelnet, is described as a change in word class without a change in meaning. This applies when translators alter the word form, such as nouns to verbs, without thinking about it. Transposition, to Vinay and Darbelnet is either mandatory or optional; they refer to the ST as the base expression and the TT as the transposed expression.

Modulation: 

is the process of generating a TT from a different perspective than the ST. When the results of the previous procedures produce an awkward-sounding translation despite being grammatically, syntactically, and lexically correct, Vinay and Darbelnet consider this procedure to be appropriate.
Equivalence: can be both simple and complex. Vinay and Darbelnet apply the example of someone expressing pain to describe equivalence as something that is almost inherently cultural, expression "ouch!" in English, while a literal translation of the sound would be useless to the reader in French, expression, “ae!.” Both terms will immediately convey to readers that there is a degree of pain involved.
Adaptation: when the translator attempts to make the SL into the TL while assuring that it is as important and meaningful as the original, adaptation is equivalent to equivalence. Imagine if the ST said anything so unmistakably English that translating it into French would be meaningless, or vice versa. Adaptation is needed at this point by the translator. The phrase banlieue is a great example of this, but it can be a bit of a double-edged sword when translated into English.

The findings here reveal that the level of linguistic interference depends on social and cultural factors next to the strength of different linguistic and literary systems; for example, when the translation is done from a strong language or culture, the reception of the SL will be greater in the TL, especially if TL or culture needs to gain strength in a specific context. In this article, the ingurgitation method, as the first of the seven main methods of Vinay and Darbelnet’s model, is fully adopted in the process of analysis of Masnavi Ma’navi to reveal new perspectives on translation studies. Ingurgitating elements of the SL are the methods applied in preservation, reduction, deletion, addition, transposition, and modulation. Among these seven models, the 1st, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th are applied in transferring the verses and phrases of the Quran into Masnavi Ma’navi. The translation with calque and literal translation methods was less than the others.

Based on the finding here, Masnavi Ma’navi, in a postcolonial perspective, is a form of translation of the Quran, as the translator has selected the highest and most sacred capital of the SL, like the Quran, and has applied its verses to compose his poems and give them meaning to the highest extent possible. Molavi’s motivation in applied Quranic verses, next to the meaning of his poems, is to establish a Utopia of Persian literature so that Persian language and literature can reach the level of the superior cultures of the world. Although Molavi considered both direct and indirect translation strategies in transferring Quranic verses into his Masnavi Ma’navi, without disregarding strategies like ingurgitation, modulation, and equivalence.

The Vinay and Darbelnet's model is one of the prominent models in the criticism and evaluation of translation. These linguists by examples from French and English, introduced techniques for translation that later could be generalized to different texts. Various techniques that fall under direct and indirect methods of translation. Modulation is one of indirect techniques of translation which a translator tries to recreate the source text in the destination language by changing the point of view. most common examples of this technique are in transformation of positive into negative, transformation of passive into active, clarification of irony, clarification of metaphor, and synecdoche. translators of the Quran, relying on their rhetorical knowledge, use different types of these examples. The present research explores how Salehi Najafabadi and Koosha employed this technique in translation of the last five parts of the Holy Quran aiming at identifying the concepts hidden in the translation of some words, while explaining this technique from Vinay and Darbelnet's perspective by descriptive-analytical method and with a confrontational approach and comparing the quality of two translations and their acceptability among the Persian-speaking audience, is concluded that the two translators have properly used this technique in most cases taking into consideration the rhetorical aspects of the words so as to accurately convey the message of the source text and have a favorable effect on the reader. Among the types of modulation, clarification of irony and transformation of positive to negative have the highest and lowest frequencies in the two translations, respectively.

One of the theories of translation is the theory of Vinay and Darbelnet. These two French theorists, citing their contrastive studies of French and Englishi in the " Comparative Stylistics of French and English; A methodology for translation", have introduced models for translating texts that translators of other languages can also benefit from. Quran translators are not exempt from this rule. Vinay and Darbelnet, in their book, propose two groups of direct and indirect strategies for translation, each of which has several methods. The direct strategy encompasses techniques of borrowing, claque, and literal translation, and transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation are techniques of the indirect strategy. The last two techniques, especially adaptation, are related to the important category of a society's culture; therefore, the quality of their use by translators is very important. The present study based on the theory of "comparative stylistics" of Vinay and Darbelnet addresses how these two techniques are used in the translations of Salehi-Najafabadi, Zamani, and Koosha using descriptive-analytical and contrastive methods, while investigating examples of them in the three aforementioned translations. The purpose of this study is to identify the Quranic equivalences and adaptations and the quality of their use in the above translations. The results suggest that firstly, all the three translators have not completely changed the vocabulary and structure of the Quran in using the technique of equivalence in some verses. Secondly, in some cases, different equivalents of the same term have been provided by three translators. Thirdly, in translations of the three translators, the technique of adaptation is often used in singular words (not combinations and sentences) which are culture-based.

One of the leading models in the field of criticism and evaluation of translation is the model proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet. With two direct and indirect strategies, this model consists of seven techniques: borrowing, literal translation, calque, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. These seven techniques are applied in evaluating the translation of different texts and determining the approaches used in them. Meanwhile, the quality of using each of the aforementioned techniques in translating the holy text of Quran is of importance due to its unique features. "Roushangar" translation by Karim Zamani is deemed one of the best translations of the Holy Quran owing to the use of authentic interpretations. This research analyzes the way Karim Zamani uses the calque technique in two lexical and structural (syntactic structure) types in the translation of the Holy Quran in the last five sections with analytical-descriptive method. This paper aims to identify the distinctive combinations of lexical calque and also to explain the most common structures calqued from Arabic language in Zamani's translation based on Vinay and Darbelnet's model. The results indicate that in most cases, zamani has been successful in lexical claque -which are mostly of the adjective phrase type - and has been able to transfer the influence of source text to destination text. However, in some types of structural claque, such as translation of the cognate object structure and the state sentence structure, his translation -in some cases- does not have the required fluency and eloquence for the Persian-speaking audience.

In recent years, translation theories have been used with the aim of systematizing translation criticism in the form of a codified framework for evaluating Quran translations. They have also been able to be effective in this field with different and sometimes similar views. Meanwhile, Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet published a book titled "Comparative Stylistics of French and English" in 1958, which later became an important source for translation scholars. In this work, Vinay and Darbelnet introduced techniques that every translator inevitably uses. After explaining these techniques and their sub-categories, this study addresses the quality of their application in the translations of three translators of Quran (Salehi, Zamani, and Koosha) by a descriptive, analytical, and confrontational method. The aim is to explain the use of Vinay and Darbelnet's translation strategies in the mentioned translations. Findings of the research in the last five parts of Quran show that considering the sanctity of Quran and its special linguistic features, translators have used literal translation, which is one of the components of direct translation, more than other components. The transposition technique, as one of the indirect translation components, has the highest frequency after literal translation due to the difference in grammatical structures of Arabic and Persian. The indirect technique of adaptation also has a lower frequency compared to other components due to cultural similarities between the two languages and prohibition of excessive manipulation in Quran. Among the mentioned translators, Zamani and Koosha have used indirect translation methods more than Salehi.

Analysis and investigation of translation quality have long been taken into consideration. Various methods have been proposed by theorists and linguists to critique the translation of texts from Arabic into Persian and vice versa. One of the methods presented in the field of translation criticism is Vinay and Darbelnet’s model. This article raises two questions: How is the translation of Adel Abdel Moneim Suleim evaluated based on the Vinay and Darbelnet model, and which of the components of Vinay and Darbelnet is most used in the translation? In this research, using a descriptive-analytical method, a part of Adel Abdel Moneim Suleim's Arabic translation of Jalal Al-Ahmad's School Principal novel is examined based on the Vinay and Darbelnet model, and the quality and method of interpretation of this novel are evaluated by the translator. The result shows that the translator paid more attention to the elements of the target language in translating the selected samples. Also, in some cases, the translator ignores the transmission of the message and content of the original language to the target language and relies on direct and lexical translation, which may be due to the translator's insufficient knowledge of some cultural components and the basic foundations of the source language.