جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « امنیت زیست محیطی » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

The collection of political, legal and economic activities, actions and decision-making in order to preserve and restore the environment is referred to as environmental policy-making. On the eve of the third decade of the 21st century, the crisis of climate change and environmental security has been mentioned as the main threat to humanity. Regional environmental policy-making have been able to be more efficient than global environmental policy-making in terms of climate change prevention and control in regions. The participation of regional actors, being more technical and specialized are among the characteristics of regional environmental policy-making that are formed under the banner of environmental regionalism. The European Green Deal is the latest environmental policy-making of the European Union, which is different and distinct from previous environmental policy-making. This research aims to firstly explain environmental regionalism and the advantages of regional environmental policy-making and then investigate the nature of the Green Deal. Also, by examining the background of the issue of environmental policy in Europe, explain why and the necessity of adopting the Green Deal and finally analyze the distinctions of this Deal and its future. In this research, analytical-explanatory method and primary and secondary sources are used to answer the questions: What is the European Green Deal and how does it differ from other environmental policy-making? And what is the importance of environmental policy-making and environmental regionalism? And what will be the future of the European Union in terms of climate change and environmental policy-making? Used.

One of the waters that cross international borders is the Ili River, which originates from the Tian-Shan Mountains in Xinjiang and flows into Balkhash Lake in eastern Kazakhstan. Ili, a transboundary river, provides about 70 percent of the water input to Lake Balkhash in Kazakhstan. Currently, there are growing concerns about the future of this lake. However, very few studies have been done in this field. Following such a research gap, this article uses a descriptive-analytic research method to answer this question: "What environmental and geopolitical threats does Lake Balkhash face?". The research findings show that climate change, competition over water extraction, Kazakhstan's economic plans and water policies, the lack of a joint comprehensive agreement, and China's development plans in the form of the Belt and Road Initiative have had destructive physical effects on Lake Balkhash and asymmetry relations between Kazakhstan and China has also hindered successful negotiations in this field.

From a geopolitical and geostrategic point of view, Iraq is located in a bottleneck and faces unique geographic restrictions in accessing open waters and international rivers.
Tigris and Euphrates are the main source of water needs of this country, which originate from Turkey. The Tigris and Euphrates watershed is one of the most important watersheds in the Middle East.
The dispute over the manner and amount of exploitation of the three coastal countries (Turkey, Iraq and Syria) which resulted from the disintegration of the Ottoman government, has a long history.
Turkey has built 14 large dams on the Euphrates tributaries and 8 large dams on the Tigris tributaries by implementing the Gap project. Following Turkey's exploitation of the Atatürk Dam (Turkey's largest dam) in 1992, the issue of "environmental security" has been one of the most important concerns of affected countries, especially Iraq.
Following the exploitation of this big dam and 13 other dams, as well as the construction of three dams by Syria, the Euphrates flow to Iraq has decreased by about 90% in recent years.
Ilisu Dam (Turkey's second largest dam) is built on the Tigris River, and if the capacity of this dam is fully utilized, the natural flow of the Tigris to Iraq will decrease by 56%.
With the completion of the Gap project, Turkey will be able to control more than the average annual flow of natural flows in the Tigris and Euphrates in this country. Turkey's dam constructions have led to widespread problems in various dimensions in the region and affected countries, especially Iraq, due to its location in the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates watershed and the environment.
The purpose of the research is to explain the effects of Turkey's dam construction on Iraq's national security.This research is important because after Iraq and Syria, Iran is the third country affected by Turkey's dam construction because internal and external factors affecting Iraq's national security for reasons such as long border, cultural, historical, religious commonalities, economic exchanges and significant commercial and political and security interests have similar and extensive effects on Iran's national security.
Iran has vital interests in Iraq, and no country is as influential as Iraq in terms of securing Iran's interests and national security, therefore, a threat to Iraq's vital interests is a threat to Iran's vital interests.
The research has tried to answer the main question that Turkey's dam constructions on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers have had on Iraq's national security and the hypothesis of the research is based on this axis that Turkey has controlled the sources of power production through extensive dams on the branches of the international rivers Tigris and Euphrates and developed policies with the aim of strengthening and perpetuating the "geopolitical position" in the course of interaction and conflict with beneficiary countries of Tigris and Euphrates, especially Iraq, should use economic, political and security issues as a means of pressure in negotiations and the manner and extent of exploitation of the mentioned rivers. Turkey's dam building policy on Tigris and Euphrates is considered as an independent variable and Iraq's national security is considered as a dependent variable.
This research is of a qualitative type, which analyzed the data and explained the topic with a descriptive-analytical method and applied approach. Information gathering has been collected using library resources and scanning documents, books, articles, media and electronic resources.
The lack, change and destruction of environmental elements are among the most important factors that threaten the life and survival of human societies and governments. Mastery over water resources is mastery of an element that has a vital and strategic role.
Water has a significant role and importance in the environment, sustainable economic development, cultural-social development, political-security stability and the power of governments in the national, regional and international arenas. Therefore, the competition of the governments to acquire, exploit and dominate the common water resources due to the vital role and strategic importance of water has created the ground for conflict and conflict between the stakeholders. Since the 1960s and following Turkey's extensive dam constructions on the Tigris and Euphrates, water leverage has been used as a tool to exert pressure against Iraq.
The problems caused by the water shortage crisis in combination with factors such as the decrease in precipitation due to climate change, the destruction of vegetation and forests, soil erosion due to the decrease in humidity, air pollution due to the change and destruction of environmental elements, and the devastating consequences of three wars in the last four decades. , Iraqis' indiscriminate exploitation of rivers, lakes and wetlands in the agricultural, industrial and urban sectors, pollution of water resources and exhaustion of the water storage and transmission network, the process of destruction of natural ecosystems and the destruction of environmental elements of this country, accelerating and has intensified and the health, livelihood and security of the residents of the affected area have been jeopardized to a significant extent. The location of this country in the lower reaches of Tigris and Euphrates is a geopolitical bottleneck and a factor for threatening this country.
Turkey, Syria and Iran have superior geopolitical advantages over this country due to being located upstream of the rivers entering Iraq. Environmental elements have a transboundary nature, therefore, managing and controlling challenges requires bilateral, regional and international cooperation. Environmental security is related to water security, food security, job security, sustainable economic development and in the macro dimension with the interests and national security of countries and the power of governments in the national, regional and international arenas. Considering the five parts of Bozan's theory, the military, political, economic, social and environmental power of Turkey has increased against the countries affected by Tigris and Euphrates, especially Iraq. Based on Homer Dixon's theory, three factors: environmental destruction, population increase and unequal social distribution of resources due to lack and change of environmental resources and six factors: climate change due to the emission of greenhouse gases, destruction of Ozone layer, destruction and reduction of agricultural lands, destruction of  forests, reduction and pollution of fresh water sources and reduction of fishing due to destruction of fisheries following widespread climate change, the possibility of conflicts turning into violent conflicts between Turkey and the countries affected by Tigris and Euphrates with this country, between each other, especially Iraq and Turkey, has been strengthened in case of lack of understanding, agreement and constructive interaction. According to Mackinder's theory, the use of power generation resources using natural (energy resources), human and environmental factors (dam construction) has achieved the goal of Turkish hegemony to a significant extent. Based on Ratzel's theory, Turkey has strengthened its national and regional power and vital space against the countries affected by the Tigris and Euphrates, especially in the face of Iraq. Blocking the natural flow of the international channels of the Tigris and Euphrates is an existential threat, and the demand for Iraq's natural and historical water rights in order to preserve survival, manage and reduce the harmful consequences of this threat is that the emergency measures of the policy makers of this country, regional countries, regional and international organizations and Institutions defending human rights and environmental rights and the United Nations are effective.

Turkey's construction of dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers has intensified the process of environmental degradation in large parts of the Middle East, especially Iraq and Syria.The full operation of the Ilisu Dam will further reduce the inflow of stagnant water from the Tigris, Euphrates and Arvand to the country and destroy the environment in the wider Middle East. Environmental damage due to the spread of dust emissions in large areas of Iran, especially in the west and southwest of the country is a serious threat to Iran's national security. This research is based on descriptive-analytical method and seeks to answer the question: What effects does the construction of the Turkish dam on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers have on Iran's national security? The research findings indicate that the problems imposed on Iraq due to having a long border and common interests in different dimensions, have similar and wide-ranging effects on Iran's national security. It is necessary for Iran and Iraq to adopt the same position towards Turkey due to having large-scale barriers, attracting the attention of other interested countries, and to persuade this country to respect the water rights of the affected countries on the manner and amount of use of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Turkey has taken maximum advantage of these rivers in the absence of the collective will of the beneficiary countries.

The crisis of climate change is a new threat to humanity, which has led to the emergence of the concept of environmental security. Historical and technological developments, as well as the process of globalization, have led to the emergence of the concept of global security versus international security. each of the two concepts of international and global security have a different attitude towards the issue of the environment. Differences in identifying the type of security issues, diversity in security elements, differences in attitude towards threat and anti-threat factors. It is possible to explain more practical why and how these distinctions are made in international security with the help of rationalist approach and liberalism theories, as well as in global security with the help of normative approach and constructive theory. diversity in decision-making and adoption of strategies in global politics regarding the climate-changes, caused by the distinction in the position of environmental security in each of the two macro-security approaches in international relations. This research aims to achieve a practical definition of each of these concepts by explaining the semantic boundaries of international and global security with environmental security, international and global to formulate the concept of environmental security, so that he can answer his main question: what is the position of environmental security in international and global security? Answered, and to prove his hypothesis based on the ontological connection of global security with environmental security and the marginality of environmental security in security issues in international security, pay.

From the beginning of the Westphalian system until recent decades, national security was defined mainly in the form of military security. While today the centrality of military security has faded and the new issues at the national and international levels that are focused on by world leaders and politicians are environmental issues. In this regard, in order to investigate environmental issues and the impact of these issues on national security, the main question of this article is: Today, considering the climatic and environmental changes, what effect do these changes have on national security? In response to this problem, it has been explained by using documentary and library method and using descriptive-analytical method, and the research findings based on qualitative inference and adaptation-inferential approach show that the issues related to climate and environmental changes are They are interdependent and affect national security and create national threats, and they are: The challenges of climate security, fine dust, water crisis, change of human natural habitat (including global warming, destruction of the ozone layer, etc.) and pollution (acid rain, toxic waste, etc.) The national and transnational strategy of the governments to solve these issues in the future can increase the risk of violent conflict, if not among the governments, at least within the country and weaken the territorial integrity of the state and reduce the economic growth and ultimately weaken needs and rights of the people.Keywords: Climate changes, environmental changes, environmental security and national security

The Southeast Anatolia Project (GAP) began in the 1970s to generate energy and irrigate arid lands through the construction of dams and hydropower plants on the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and extensive irrigation networks in southeastern Turkey. Over time, the project expanded to achieve a wider range of goals in different fields and fundamentally transformed the Southeast Anatolia region. It is also widely claimed that GAP has an impact on the environmental security of the three countries of Iraq, Syria and Iran, and that security considerations and political calculations in the region are the reason for the GAP project. However, this supposed link between the Gap and the region's environmental security has often been viewed in a simplistic manner, and the question of how the two are linked – or not – has remained unanswered until now. The purpose of this article is to fill this research gap and examine the complex and multi-dimensional nature of the interrelationship between the GAP project and the environmental issue of the region based on various primary and secondary data sources Accordingly, the article identifies and discusses the major narratives in which the gap is imagined as an environmental threat and political conspiracy.

Turkey, with its upstream position in the Tigris and Euphrates catchments, has built 14 dams on the Euphrates and 8 dams on the Tigris. Since the main tributaries of these rivers originate in Turkey, these dams have the ability to control almost all the annual flows of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the country. The construction of dams in Turkey has provided the ground for conflict between the countries affected by the international rivers Tigris and Euphrates with this country and among each other. The aim of this study is to explain the consequences of Turkish dams on the national security of the countries affected by the Tigris and Euphrates. This research tries to answer the question with a descriptive-analytical method What implications has the construction of Turkish dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers had on the national security of the countries affected by these rivers? Findings show that Turkish dam construction has weakened natural ecosystems by drying up large parts of the Mesopotamian wetlands and destroying the environment of the affected area by forming foci of dust formation, increasing disease, unemployment, smuggling, insecurity and expanding migration. Using its geopolitical position, Turkey has pursued its unilateralist and expansionist policies by controlling the vital and strategic resources of the Tigris and Euphrates basins, operating and playing a hydro-hegemonic role. Turkish dams have endangered the national security of countries affected by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Data collection was done by library method and with the tool of recording documents, books, media, articles and electronic sources

Climate Change is an Objective, Global, Actor-Less and non-Governmental Security Threat that is Fundamentally Different from Past Threats. The Main Research Question was what are the Effects of Climate Change on International Security? Our Hypothesis was that Climate Change has Transformed the Concept of Security, Created More and Bigger Security Risks and Threats, and with the Increase of its Consequences, Security at the Global Level and in Different Dimensions of Political, Social, Economic and Human Security is more than ever. Based on the Findings, It should be Said that due to Climate Change, there is no Safe Place in the World Today, and Various Forms of Security at the Individual, National and International Levels are Facing Challenges and Threats. Climate Changes Intensify Existing Security Threats and Make them more Dangerous, and New Aspects of Insecurity, such as Food or Environmental Insecurity, Threaten more People. Consequently, no Limited Legal Agreement or Climate Action of One or Few Countries can Eliminate its Effects, and Global Governmental and Public Cooperation is Essential. The Current Research is Written in an Explanatory Way, Using the Security Theory of the Copenhagen School, Especially the Opinions of Barry Buzan.

Today, various national and international standards in the field of the environment have been developed and implemented. Strategic planning can be a key tool in tackling urban problems and achieving sustainable social, economic and environmental development. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of compliance with environmental standards in strategic urban development plans in order to achieve environmental security in Tehran. This is a descriptive-analytical study using a questionnaire and interview technique. The statistical population of the study is the managers of the Ministry of Interior and the municipalities of the 22 districts of Tehran. Data were analyzed by Spss23 software at both descriptive and inferential levels. To analyze the internal and external factors of the city, the SWOT method was used and to test the hypothesis, the sample test was used and the proposed hypothesis was confirmed.. According to the chart obtained from internal and external factors, the city of Tehran is in a defensive position. The results indicate that the impact of compliance with environmental standards in promoting and improving environmental security is at an optimal level. Adherence to the standard in strategic urban development plans as a solution to achieve environmental security has a significant impact. There is no significant difference of opinion between experts and thinkers on this issue. The most important solutions are the observance of standards during the implementation of projects, the obligation and application of standards in the development of plans and careful monitoring of their observance during implementation.

The systemic transition to the post-Cold War international system has functionally and fundamentally transformed the nature of the international peace and security, such a way that the building blocks of the sustainable international peace are conceptualized as including the regulations against environmental, economic, social and human threats at the national, regional and global levels. In the present article, the research method is explanatory-analytical, and using documentary sources, the role and position of the environmental security in promoting global peace and stability and the challenges and obstacles to address this issue are explored in addition to examining the importance of the environmental security as an emerging and dynamic security phenomenon. The main question is how the environmental security can consolidate the sustainable peace in the 21st century? In answer to this question, it is hypothesized that the environmental security reduces systemic disorder and entropy in the international system by controlling and organizing human, social and economic threats, and will pave the way for a sustainable state of peace in the international system. Findings show that the environmental threats threaten the sustainable world peace through the integration of other destabilizing components in the international system (i.e. economic, social and humanitarian threats), and in this regard, the consolidation of the sustainable international peace depends on the establishment and maintenance of a sustainable environmental security within the framework of a public and active dialogue and action.

The relative improvement of the living conditions in Kazakhstan's ecosystem over the past two decades has mostly been the result of institutional and legal development of the country in protecting the environment. This paper is to assess the environmental governance of Kazakhstan from the perspective of the legislative process and legal developments and its impact on environmental security in this country over the past three decades. Accordingly, the main question is: "What are the environmental security consequences of the developments in the legal aspects of environmental governance in Kazakhstan since independence?" The hypothesis tested in this paper is: “due to the gradual development of stricter laws for environmental protection, the creation of an integrated management structure for environmental protection, applying the experiences of other countries in the field of environmental management, as well as promoting international environmental cooperation, legal developments in the environmental governance of Kazakhstan since independence have led to a relative improvement in environmental security”. This paper is descriptive-analytical and the conceptual framework governing it consists of definitions and theoretical propositions of the concept of environmental security. While confirming the hypothesis, the findings show that Kazakhstan's new set of environmental laws may lead to improving its environmental performance in the coming years in case of efficient implementation through integrating laws in various environmental areas and making environmental laws compatible with the real conditions prevailing at local, national and international levels.

Asper the Anthropocene international system, man is considered to be a powerful actor in nature that has a great impact on the biological condition of the universe.Under such circumstances and keeping in view the increasing needs of the human race for natural resources and the estimates concerning the activitiesthat take place on Planet Earth, understanding and evaluating any positive and negative developments callsfor understanding the relationship between man and nature.In the current Anthropocene era and with the occurrence of various security crises, including human safety with regards tocontagious and pandemic diseases, it is important to pay sufficient attention to the interactions between humans and governments as determining actors in this area.In this regard and with the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic and the globalization of this security crisis, cultural diplomacy can betaken into consideration in the existing complicated system of security interdependence - in the form of transnational interaction - for regulating relations between governmental and non-governmental actors and towards national goals and foreign policy with a focus on reciprocal interest.In this study,efforts are made to examine the requirements of cultural diplomacy within the context of Anthropocene system, the coronavirus crisis, and theopportunities that are provided to countries to assess their national interests. Using library and online data sources for the purpose of the intended research, it will also be explored whetherappropriate cultural diplomacy can provide the required opportunity for political units to create a framework for purposeful and focused interaction during the corona and post-corona eras andwhether it will allow them to play a role in global governance by creating a new style of behavioral model in the form of international standards while creating cognitive changes.

The Middle East has undergone widespread and profound changes over the past few years, with the emergence of a new wave of radical extremism that has become the hallmark of ISIS's terrorist group, with particular significance. The emergence and empowerment of this group that dominated a large part of Iraq and Syria led to widespread damage to human security in the regional arena. This category (human security) is the product of the paradigm shift of government-based security to the multidimensional security of the individual and implies the evolution of the nature of the threat from the military threat to various types of economic, environmental, food, health, political, social and individual threats. The central question posed in this article is: What were the consequences of religious extremism between 2014-2018 in the Middle East, especially in Iraq and Syria, on human security? In response to this question, and as a hypothesis, religious extremism in the Middle East after 2014 has had widespread negative effects on human security in the region, especially in Iraq and Syria, with the highest damage to food , health and environmental dimenions.

Today, environmental concerns, has become a serious security question in international relations and created a major inquietude for statesmen and policy makers. Since environmental problems caused by climate change are becoming more serious, it would transform to an influential variable in internal or international conflicts. Climate changes not only destroy human natural habitats but also disrupt social arrangements and increase the likelihood of violent conflicts and endanger peace and international security and affect the environmental justice. The aim of this study is to identify threats and environmental factors resulting from climate changes and analyze their effects on peace and security in the international system. The findings of this study suggest that future climate changes have un undeniable impact on national integration of societies and on the peace and stable security in the international system and will cause the new types of disputes.

During the last two decades, the concept of fragile state, has been appeared as one of the most important concepts of international politics. This phenomenon is one of the characteristics of middle east states. These states have elements such as military intervention of other states, violent and hard kind of regime change, legitimacy crisis, environmental problems, dysfunction of economic and legal system and spread of terrorism. Although internal effects of fragile states have been so more under the focus of researchers and analyzers, regional effects of these states especially in environmental field have been rarely under focus. Iraqi state has been evaluated as a fragile and unstable state from 2003 until now. The aim of the present research is to examine the effect of Iraq fragile state on environmental security of Islamic Republic of Iran. The main question of the research is “what are the effect of Iraq fragile state on environmental security of Iran?ˮ Findings of the research show considering the characters of fragile state, Iraq has an important role in environmental threats such as water deficit crisis, dust haze storms, air pollution, soil erosion caused by desertification and deforestation in neighbor state, Iran, especially in west parts.

The environmental terrorism in the sense of employing the environmental factors in terrorist attacks is recognized as the most complex types of terrorism. So far, no definite theory concerned with why there is a tendency towards utilizing these factors in the course of terrorist attacks has been supported. Mass casualties with epidemic effects and creating chaos plus unnatural conditions in the society, and even in the entire world appear to be the central nucleus of most of these attacks, something which has been realized in most of these attacks. The most important objective beyond these attacks is the sense of taking revenge produced by the inability to assert oneself in politics as well as helping realize a worldwide cause devoid of Satan and satanic forces, something that has been vaguely intermingled with a few apocalyptic ideas. An increase in the number of apocalyptic cults together with misunderstandings about various religions and their combinations, and promoting a rationally unacceptable version coupled with their intense tendency towards using environmental, especially biologic factors has led us to address one of the most important and complex dimensions of environmental terrorism. The main objective of this research is to explore the factors creating the tendency towards environmental terrorism, especially using biological factors as well as the identity of its perpetrators. In reality, this research plans to present a personality model of the perpetrators of environmental terrorism. The findings of this research indicate that there are psychological disorders, an apocalyptic and fundamentalist mindset as well as religious motivations for vindictiveness towards secular and non-religious governments on the part of the perpetrators of environmental terrorists.

During the years after the World War II, the environmental security was highly considered in international relations by the governments. In decades, the international treaties under the title of the modernity crisis and its effects on environmental security have been raised. In addition, the issue of environmental security was also seriously addressed in international relations theories. Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer this fundamental question: What main topics and issues have been raised by the international relations theories about the paradigm evolution of the environmental security? In this regard, within the years after 1991, the Cold War, issues such as global warming, the destruction of green spaces, and the destructive effects of modernity were firstly criticized by social theorists, and then it was particularly considered by the great theories on international relations such as realism and liberalism. Realists essentially consider the issue of environmental security by focusing on the maintaining global security; whereas, the liberals focus on the environmental security as the public cooperation to maintain international order not as a security issue.

Over the past two decades, climate change and rising water consumption have faced many of the world's regions with a freshwater crisis. The data available about our country, also due to the change in the climate and inefficiency of the current consumption pattern, suggests that the security of the country and hence the national security of the country will henceforth be linked to each other. However, our country has the capacity to reduce existing concerns in the management of consumption patterns. The Caspian Sea is one of these capacities. The present study is based on the assumption that using the reserve of the Caspian Sea could increase the country's water security. The methodology of research based on the argumentative approach and the research methodology has a descriptive-analytical character and its information has been gathered by a library method. The findings of the research showed that the favorable conditions of the geographical environment of the Caspian Sea, along with the water needs of the country, has made the use of this reservoir a strategic option. Active diplomacy, legal framework, the use of national security thinkers and environmental assessments are among the most important requirements for the use of the strategic reserve of the Caspian Sea.

Today, unmindful destruction of the environment and natural resources in the light of the teachings of Capitalism promoting profit maximization can account for the reason why the issue of sustainable development is paid global attention. Humanity's trust in the power of technology and science has wavered, as a result of the fact that they have become more cautious in their treatment of nature, struggling invariably to codify environmental ethics. By contrast, the Islamic texts, if studied, clearly highlight how rich those texts are in terms of the rules and instructions about how to properly treat the nature without going to any extremes. However, the negligence on the part of the Islamic scholars caused them to inadvertently pave the way for the Westerners, who were themselves the main factor in destructing the environment, to pretend to be qualified for codifying and introducing the environmental ethics, and even to describe religion, in their works, as provoking and encouraging man in destructing the nature. On the other hand, some part of the authorities involved in the country's developmental affairs is not driven by any pragmatic obsession with safeguarding the environment, thereby causing the loss of natural resources. This research is aimed at presenting a strategic theory of environmental security. The methodology employed in this article draws on "grounded theory". The result from this research is how valid extrapolated concepts and data can be translated to a theory. a convenient and optimized theory achieved through extrapolated and generalized concepts that postulate the principle of paying attention to theoretical foundations, and abide by bioethics and general culture-building along with deterrent rules in objectives and policies, by which a purified and stable environment can be achieved. This would be a strategic theory as well as a successful and preferable output in the area of environmental security.