جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آب » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

One of the waters that cross international borders is the Ili River, which originates from the Tian-Shan Mountains in Xinjiang and flows into Balkhash Lake in eastern Kazakhstan. Ili, a transboundary river, provides about 70 percent of the water input to Lake Balkhash in Kazakhstan. Currently, there are growing concerns about the future of this lake. However, very few studies have been done in this field. Following such a research gap, this article uses a descriptive-analytic research method to answer this question: "What environmental and geopolitical threats does Lake Balkhash face?". The research findings show that climate change, competition over water extraction, Kazakhstan's economic plans and water policies, the lack of a joint comprehensive agreement, and China's development plans in the form of the Belt and Road Initiative have had destructive physical effects on Lake Balkhash and asymmetry relations between Kazakhstan and China has also hindered successful negotiations in this field.

Soft power, which is a new kind of power that makes other states attractive and uses influential categories such as culture, values and foreign policy to create rapturous cooperation for governments without conflicts and hostile behaviors, has long been of interest to different countries around the world. Regarding the differences between the border rivers between Iran and Afghanistan that have faced threats and restrictions from the Afghan government to Iran's historical rights, and it is anticipated that based on the reliance on hard power, tensions between the two governments will escalate to the brink of war and conflict, it is possible that by using soft power, the Afghan government will be eager to recognize Iran's share of the Hirmand rivers. Harirud Culturally, it seems that the reliance and prominence of a common Persian culture includes Persian language and literature, a variety of arts, especially poetry and music, and relying on common values such as Islamic and ideological values, preserving the dignity of the neighbor, Xenophobia, especially anti-Americanism, and a non-profit, respectful and reliable foreign policy, can be the most attractive to the eastern neighbor. Also, in the case of economic assistance, the possibility of communication with international open waters and other affairs needed by the government and people of Afghanistan, through a peaceful and appropriate diplomacy, provided the water share and rights of the Iranian people in regard to the border waters.

Water, as one of the main components for life, affects human security if it is lacking or reduced. The challenges and conflicts of people for the right and access to water resources at local and national levels with each other and even the war between governments at regional and international levels show the important role of water. The tensions caused by the lack of water in the central regions of Iran, such as Isfahan and Kerman, in recent years, indicate the insecurity and sense of danger for the water resources of these provinces. Kerman province, with an area of over 180,000 square kilometers, is the largest province in the south of the country. With an average annual rainfall of 129 mm, this province is considered one of the dry regions in the country. The main goal of this article is to Investigating the water security situation in Kerman province. The main question raised is what is the water security situation in Kerman province? The hypothesis that is raised in response to this question is that water security in Kerman province is not in a good condition. This article has been done using the field method (questionnaire) and descriptive-analytical approach. The sample size was 384 people, which was obtained using Cochran's formula. The results of the findings show that according to the water transfer plans and water management patterns planned to improve the water resources situation in Kerman province, water security in this province is not in a good condition.

Water issue" has been one of the main issues of Iranian human life throughout history, and the research about it can shed light on various aspects of the political, economic and social life of Iranians. Artificial irrigation has long been one of the necessities of people's lives in this semi-arid climate. The dispersion of water resources, which was subject to dispersion of the population, required the country to have an innumerable number of dams, aqueducts, reservoirs, wells and streams. Building a dam to store water and control floods and building aqueducts, which sometimes reached tens of kilometers in length, required spending a lot of money and a lot of labor. At first glance, the government was expected to be responsible for the creation and repair of water facilities as institution that has the most resources of the country. The question is, considering that pre-modern governments played a minimal role in solving people's problems and providing their necessities of life, to what extent did the Qajar government accept responsibility for the creation and repair of these facilities in the territory of Iran? What evidence confirms the minimal involvement of Qajar government in the water issue? What were the reasons for the non-interference of the government in water supply and how could the people be responsible for solving this problem? Our assumption is that the Qajar government did not consider itself obligated to provide water to villages, farms and even cities with minimal interference in civil affairs, and the countless number of dilapidated dams and aqueducts is a sign that the government has a duty in this field for He did not imagine and only in a few cases where he was sure that the profit would quickly reach the treasury, he accepted a small investment. In the meantime, the further some areas were from the center, the less government intervention in their irrigation systems. Also, the Qajar government looked at the water issue as an opportunity for earning money by selling running water and collecting taxes from other water sources. Governors of the provinces were also interested in creating irrigation system for their fields only if they were the owners of land in that province. In the meantime, the main burden of creating and maintaining water facilities was the responsibility of the people, who mainly provided the expenses to the landlords and the labor to the subjects. The tradition of endowment was another factor that weakened the role of the government in this field. People's participation in the construction and repair of dams, aqueducts, reservoirs and streams, as well as group oppressions and settlements, as well as collective conflicts, along with the management of water distribution and the selection of Mirabs, led to the emergence of self-organized groups and circles and their greater cohesion in society. Previously, the views of people like Karl Marx and Karl August Wittfogel about the active involvement of Asian governments in solving the water problem in semi-arid climates had gained supporters. Marx believed that in these areas, governments took control of limited water resources and established water supply security, and by managing water resources, they made the producers highly dependent on themselves, and made the government subjects critical. Influenced by him, Wittfogel also realized the need of these communities for huge water supply facilities that only the government could cover. He knew the first and fundamental factor of the formation of the absolute power of the government in these regions. In our research, we have tried to show by relying on a lot of data from the history of Qajar era Iran that not only the government was not involved in many waters supply matters, but also the realities and limitations of the pre-modern world, the Qajar government in planning to intervene in the water issue, especially in remote areas. From the center, he was disabled. This research was done with descriptive-explanatory method and using the documents, especially the petitions of the Majlese Tahqiqe Mazalem. The theoretical framework of the research is derived from Patricia Crone's point of view about the minimal government in the pre-modern world. Previously, no independent research has been conducted on the minimal role of the Qajar government in the water issue.

As one of the largest dry regions in the world, the Middle East faces the consequences of climate change. These circumstances have elevated the region's limited freshwater resources and the unfavorable agricultural situation to major challenges. Although the Middle East lacks a long history of cooperation among its countries, environmental crises can turn the threats posed by climate change into an opportunity for greater cooperation among them. In this new situation, "The Abraham Accords" in 2020 signal that the Middle East has entered a new stage. This article aimed to investigate the role of the UAE and Bahrain normalization with Israel in reducing their environmental crises, especially in the water and agriculture sectors. This article examined the environmental status of the UAE and Bahrain at the time “the Abraham Accords” were signed and also discussed the opportunities and advantages the Abraham Accords brought for them. The findings indicated that these agreements provided an opportunity for the Israeli regime to attract more capital in environmental domains such as water and agriculture, as well as achieve higher levels of innovation. They also provided an opportunity for the UAE and Bahrain to reduce the scope of water and security crises while achieving long-term development.

However water is looked at, whether it be economically, politically, socially or environmentally, it is the most vital element in human life. The shortage of fresh water resources on the one hand, and its heterogeneous spatial and temporal distribution in terms of quantity and geographical boundaries on the other hand, has caused water and its division to be one of the most important issues at the national and especially transnational level in cross-border catchments.Given that water is used as a source of life and can instigate war and violence, this study addresses how water can be seen as an opportunity to achieve lasting peace.In this study, water wars were studied according to various dimensional, factorial and spatial scales. In the process of writing this study, 926 conflicts and wars were identified in which "water" played the role of "agent", "weapon" and "casualties". It is very important to note that the agent and stimulus for more than 30% of these wars have been water. In this study, the terminology of "peace" was also discussed and a comprehensive definition of "sustainable water peace" based on influential factors was presented. This was because, according to various researches and studies carried out, achieving a positive interaction, especially with regards to transboundary water allocation, is one of the most important concerns of the parties in water negotiations.

The existence of water crisis in our country is a fact and various domestic and foreign sources and authorities, while proving the problem, are trying to provide solutions to get out of this problem. Drying of lakes, rivers and wetlands, declining groundwater levels, land subsidence, water quality degradation, soil erosion, desertification and dust storms are objective manifestations of the water crisis in Iran. In the meantime, the attitude of the legislators to solve the water crisis has led to the adoption of laws such as the Law on Conservation and Protection of Groundwater Resources, the Law on Water and its Nationalization, the Law on Fair Distribution of Water; However, in general, they have not been able to reduce or eliminate the water crisis, and the situation is as in the past, but even more intense. In the meantime, the present study uses a descriptive method and library resources with a view to the perspective of political economy, with a simple approach to issues such as policy-making, institutionalism as a model for discovering the inefficiencies of laws. The past and the redefinition of the relationship between the institutions involved in water management through the enactment of a new law and the presentation of proposals in line with national interests will reduce the water crisis in Iran.

This article seeks to answer the question of what effect does the water crisis have on the process of regional conflicts and future prospects in West Asia? The results obtained from this research show that due to the extent of the geopolitical position of water in regional and international water strategies, it will be the basis of conflicts in areas that are facing water shortages. Most of West Asia, due to its location in the desert belt and having a dry and semi-arid climate and little rainfall, has always faced water crisis, which sometimes occurs as a political factor in various forms in regional affairs and is the foundation It is the conflict between the countries of the region and it will be the main cause of conflicts and conflicts in the future. which requires the formulation of national, regional and even global policies in this regard. This research was done with descriptive-analytical method and using library studies and internet and documentary sources.

The purpose of the present study is to review foundations and significance of water governance. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and the results indicate that today water governance is a strategy to prevent water crisis. Cultural investments, attachment to motherland, morality, and creativity should be considered as foundations in using water. Furthermore, institutional reforms to resolve obstacles in the bureaucratic system of water resources such as appropriate management, moving towards a cooperative, participative, and meritocratic model, and … are necessary.

Today, non-traditional security threats, including water scarcity and flood are one of the most important issues that have caused concern in different parts of the world. However, it is not just the physical dimension of the water which worries the countries, but the political aspect of water also posing a threat to different regions of the world so that today countries link water challenges to their national security. One of those areas facing threats on trans-boundary waters is South Asia. Pakistan is one of the countries in South Asia which has linked its shared waters with India to its national security and securitized Indian water activities on the Indus river. Therefore, this paper intends to examine Pakistan’s activities on the securitization of India’s water activities on the Indus River through theory of securitization. The findings of this study show that Pakistani actors have used linguistic structures, including framing and metaphor, to securitize their shared river waters with India.

Water is a vital and irreplaceable material. Climate changes, population increase and life style changes have leaded to the increase of water demands. At the time being, the situation of water resources in all over the world is critical. However, some regions such as the Middle East and the south of Africa are more vulnerable. Hydro politics is a young knowledge which deals with the examination of water resources and finding solutions for water crisis. Since the solving of water problems is difficult for individual states, bilateral and multilateral cooperation seems inevitable. Accordingly states have to pursue active and dynamic foreign policy to overcome the challenges. Virtual water is one of the methods for managing the water problems in arid and semiarid regions. Virtual water means the smart import of water dependent food or goods according to relative advantage. Accordingly two strategies have been mentioned: 1) import of water dependent goods and 2) production of water dependent goods in watery regions with the common investment of arid and semiarid countries. The present paper is an endeavor to submit practical solutions for overcoming the water crisis in our country And therefore, water diplomacy can be the inevitable field of bilateral and multilateral cooperation for convergence. In such a context, the diplomacy of the political unit based on cooperation on the challenges of water scarcity, including conflict resolution and environmental cooperation with neighbors, will enhance Iran's position in the international system as an emerging opportunity.

Border Rivers, as one of the most important natural terrain, are always the source of many differences in relations between states. The Hirmand River is the main artery of the Hamoon Lake, the borderline between Iran and Afghanistan, which has caused many border controversies between the two countries to this day. Failure of Afghanistan's to adhere to 1973 agreement to provide the water right of the Hirmand River, and hence the land of Hamoon, as a lake that Sistan's life is dependent on, has exacerbated the increasing challenges in the Sistan region. There has been a lot of negotiation between Iran and Afghanistan. Authors intend to answer the question of what are the strategies of diplomacy for providing the water right to the Hirmand River between Iran and Afghanistan. In the framework of game theory, in the first stage, the Hirmand Water Crisis should be considered as an important priority in the field of Iranian policy. Then, in the process of negotiations between Iran and Afghanistan based on diplomacy, the rationality of actors, Afghanistan’s access to the Chabahar port and the provision of the Hirmand water right as the point of equilibrium and the best option for both countries.

Although two thirds of the Earth's surface is covered by water but the water crisis has been a vital issue for the inhabitants of the earth because only 0.26 percent of the water available on the ground is sweet and usable and also available water resources are not evenly distributed. For example, a community has more control over water resources than others. Therefore, shortage of water resources and also uneven distribution at the global level, caused increases the importance of water and if these sources be as international rivers, it can create conflicts on utilization. Therefore, it can be said, those water sources that are shared between two or more governments, can cayse conflicts. Border and ideological differences and also differences in geopolitics and hydropolitics of countries in a region increase the crises and conflicts in the region. The article will examine the relations between Central Asian countries on the issue of water. In this region the water issue is affected by political, economic, legal, technical, and ecological issues. Therefore, the water crisis is one of the most important issues in the region of Central Asia and Russia that a large part of it is influenced by decisions about the geographic and political divisions that have remained since the Soviet Union. Now also in addition to past issues part of the crisis has also been imposed on the region due to geographical conditions and the other part due to the performance of governments that has impact on the current and future crises of the region, especially in the development of agricultural and industrial activities in the countries. In general, when the water crisis discussed in Central Asia that Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan have the origins of the two great rivers, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya and these countries are on the upstream rivers. They reduce the rights of other countries in the region with creation of a dam and water supply. In general, the motivation to create a dam in the Central Asian region is due to several reasons; A) Agriculture: The greatest economic advantage of Central Asian countries is the expansion of the agricultural sector Thus, Central Asian countries have been developing their agriculture since the past, with the diversion of water through the excavating of the canal or the blockade of current waters by creating a dam. However, statistics show that Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, despite having the sources of Amudarya and Syr Darya rivers, did not make a significant difference between themselves and other countries in the Central Asian region. This depends on variables such as land extant. B) Avoid seasonal floods: The mountainous region and abundant atmospheric rainfall at high altitudes in the winter and spring cause seasonal floods and huge destruction. Therefore the creation of multiple dams can reduce the power of floods. In graphs displayed in text we concluded that the frequency of “high” earthquakes and the average occurrence of floods in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan is far more than the other countries in the region that are in the downstream position. C) Hydroelectric power generation: The mountainous region of Central Asia and the severe winter cold, plus the shortage of hydrocarbon resources such as oil, gas or coal in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan has caused these upstream countries to create dams for the production of hydroelectric power to provide their energy in all seasons and in particular the cold seasons. Although the crisis in the Central Asian region has become more important after the Soviet collapse, but it seems there are factors and parameters in the region that prevent the crisis of relations between countries on the issue of using the waters of the border. Therefore, this research uses the descriptive-analytical method and the use of information gathering methods in the form of library and Internet, seeking to answer this question that in general, what factors control the water crisis in Central Asia and prevent regional conflicts among the countries of the region? The hypothesis of this article is that parameters in the framework of an economic-legal framework such as energy exchanges, institutional and inter-organizational links, and comprehensive water utilization plans have contributed to controlling the water crisis in Central Asia. By studying the data gathered in this study, we arrive at this conclusion that the water disagreements and the water crisis in Central Asia are deeply rooted and multilateral but it seems that by designing economic-legal frameworks in the region, it can reduce the incidence of conflicts among actors involved in this issue. In this research, these frameworks are divided as follow: A) Organizational and inter-organizational links: The overlapping of members in organizations working in the field of economy and energy in the Central Asian region creates some kind of convergence and entanglement. The energy economy and its agreements cover issues such as the rights of low-income countries and other relevant issues in international law, and subsequently reduce the tensions. In this regard, the authors referred to four organizations and institutions that in these organizations, most Central Asian countries are members of these three organizations, including the Commonwealth Power Council, the ECO Organization, the Shanghai Organization and the Central Asian Economic Organization. B) Exchange of energy between countries of the region: Hydropower is produced in upstream countries, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, which do not have much hydrocarbon resources. Other countries in the region, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan have significant oil and gas resources. Therefore, the exchange of water and hydropower between oil and gas can create a kind of interdependence among the countries of the region, and this interdependence will reduce tensions between Central Asian countries. C) Comprehensive legal plans for water use: In this regard, we can refer to the 1992 Almaty Document, which is an intergovernmental agreement between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan on “Cooperation in the area of joint management and protection of intergovernmental water resources reserves” and the 1996 Tashkent agreement on “The use of fuel and energy resources, construction and operation of gas pipelines in Central Asia” between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan and finally to the document of March 17, 1998, as a new intergovernmental agreement on “the use of water resources in the Syr Darya river basin.”

Contemporaneously can be critical start that is the main factor shape a vital element, namely water. Water shortage crisis which is learned today, earth's surface, has created serious injuries and threats for the people across the globe. In the meantime, Iran due to factors such as a specific geographic location that has disorder and swing in the rain is included in including dehydrated countries that is critical water situation in some areas; especially that along with this unfavorable situation, such as unbalanced consumption procedure and increased industrial and agricultural activity meaningful depth data to the problem of water crisis that of course continuing this trend has led to the developments and changes in the social sphere. The purpose of this article is to do that first, let's say water situation and its dimensions in Iran and then to examine the problem of water crisis and developments caused by it on the Iranian community and finally be tried to be presented solutions for it. The main question is that water shortage crisis in Iran takes shape with what components and with what effects of crisis are it in the social sphere? In the same vein, this is the hypothesis that's a depression crisis usually created affected by human activities, therefore, they need to fix scientific critique and pathologic and along with offering solutions. The research method used in the paper, analytical - descriptive and the use of library studies and also done referring to available statistical sources in the meteorological archive.

Today, Water Resources Shortages Have been Considered as one of the Major Issues on the Agenda of Governments. Some Geopolitics Theorists, The 21st Century, Hydro politics Century know and They Believe that most Conflicts and Regional Wars in the World, the Reason Due to Bulging of the Water Shortage Crisis Will be. Hydro politics Study of Conflict and Cooperation Between Nations over the Sharing of Water Resources. While one of the Factors Future wars and Civil and Social Violence, Mainly from Lack of Water Resources, Food, Forests and Fisheries By Will Caused. The Main Question of the Article is What is the State of Islamic Tension from the Source of Water? This Paper the Analytical-Descriptive Method and Using Library Resources and Websites, Look for Survey the Condition of Water Resources, Especially Fresh Water and its Scarcity is in Selected Islamic Countries Especially in Iran. The Results show that in Some Islamic Countries, Especially Iran, Freshwater Resources and Usable for People In of the Some Islamic Countries is not in Good Condition. And in the Future there will be Challenges and Conflicts Over Water Resources; As Already Protests and Riots Over the Sharing of Water (Iran) to Permanently Happened

Water Crisis, Running and trans-boundary Water of Turkey, National Security and Iran’s EnvironmentSayed Ali Ghaem MaghamiAbstract:The authors would investigate the water crisis between Iran and Turkey, including: Water crisis and Gap project, trans-boundary waters of Turkey, Tigris and Euphrates, Assi and Aras Zap, its impacts on the environment and pollution of the Tigris and Euphrates, and the EU rules on the environment and water policy of Turkey and the trans-boundary water treaty and its fair distribution, The need for Turkey to cooperate with Syria and Iraq, the issue of Arvand River and the drying up of oil and gas, investment by other countries in the Gap project, the rejection of Iran's policies on the damaging effects of the Ilisu dam in the environment of Iraq and Iran by the Turkish Minister, The completion of the Ilyosu dam and related dams and the security objectives of Turkey's dams.Key Words: Turkey, Water, Crisis, Environment, National Security

Water is of particular importance in Central Asia. The countries of this region are located in the arid and semi-arid region in the agricultural areas of the world, respectively.It can be assumed that tensions over water, Central Asia swept the country from moving towards working together opens.Central Asian countries are seeking to secure water-related issues.Economic development concerns, the need to control ethnic tensions, riots, social and environmental damage and population growth need to manage them more than ever to encourage it. As a result, the prospect of creating such guarantees on the supply of water policy in the region has created. Naturally, these conditions create the potential for cooperation eliminates the use of water resources. It looks like the efforts and experiences of cooperation in the field of water and solve the problems between the Central Asian States in this regard is based on the theory of the neo-liberal Institutionalism be defining. But due to the lack of these arrangements succeed in solving problems and create appropriate cooperation between these countries, substrates can be raised by the foundations with the theory of constructivism more appropriate solutions, including the management of common resources for the establishment of comprehensive cooperation proposal.

In the endorheic basins of the Iranian plateau, water is the most important factor in forming topography and limiting the capacity of production. In long term, interruption and blockage in the flow of surface and ground water in these basins likely leads to desertification. During the recent decades, water resources and consumption indices have reached critical levels. The solution of water crisis should be searched in the land governance process. Nowadays, sustainable development of water resources is tied with critical methodology and resilience concept. The method of this research is based on analysis, criticism, and inference of the relative literature. The study aims to identify the opportunities and challenges in water resources management of the Iranian plateau and to formulate its resilience-related strategies. The land use planning in our country is not matched with social and ecological properties of the Iranian plateau. The foundations of land uses in the Iranian hydrocratic civilization is based on opportunities such as structural heterogeneity of the land, spatio-temporal dimensions of the resource accessibility, topological and chorological relationships in the land, and dependence on the groundwater instead of surface water which results in a metastability statement of the environment. Therefore, land capacity in the plateau is beyond the capacity suggested by the conventional assessing methods. The resiliency of this unity needs to identify and assess the land at different hierarchical scales, including macro scale (basin), meso scale (elevation belts), and micro scale (ecosystem). In these circumstances, organization, restoration, and protection of critical networks and natural infrastructures of the land is possible with the cautionary approach and continuous monitoring of changes. Cultural characteristics, the sense of belonging to the land, ethics and innovation should be considered as the foundations for the utilization of our land. Furthermore, institutional reforms are essential in order to solve the problems of water resources bureaucratic system, including reducing authorities of the central government and moving towards the public participation, consensus orientation, meritocracy, and transparency in policy-making, responsibility, cost effectiveness, justice, and legitimacy

Water Conflicts can occur when a water source, have a range of more than one country, and countries disagree on how to use it. The Middle East is a region that is facing with the water crisis. One of the most important areas of potential crisis is the Tigris and Euphrates basin that unlike other basins is facing with excess water and discordance on the fair division. Nowadays, Turkey with the implementation of plans and projects and construction of numerous dams have reduce quantity of Euphrates water to Syria and Iraq and caused they sought protest against this projects. The two countries are willing to make a deal and a fair share and called this rivers as the international river, While Turkey called them as territorial rivers. Syria and Iraq in the current situation not be able to cope with Turkey. Among the Turkey’s projects in Euphrates is Manavgat and GAP projects and also Peace Pipeline. This article examines the hydropolitical of the Tigris and Euphrates basin and investigate potential and actual hydropolitical challenges between the countries in the basin. The method used in this article is descriptive-analytical. It seems that according to the current situation, development of water projects by Turkey is one of the main obstacles in the way of achieving hydropolitical consensus in this basin. Given the current relations between Syrian and Turkey during recent unrests in Syria, we should also wait for intensification of conflicts over the water basin.

Water is a vital and irreplaceable material. Climate changes, population increase and life style changes have leaded to the increase of water demands. At the time being, the situation of water resources in all over the world is critical. However, some regions such as the Middle East and the south of Africa are more vulnerable. Hydro politics is a young knowledge which deals with the examination of water resources and finding solutions for water crisis. Since the solving of water problems is difficult for individual states, bilateral and multilateral cooperation seems inevitable. Accordingly states have to pursue active and dynamic foreign policy to overcome the challenges. Virtual water is one of the methods for managing the water problems in arid and semiarid regions. Virtual water means the smart import of water dependent food or goods according to relative advantage. Accordingly two strategies have been mentioned: 1) import of water dependent goods and 2) production of water dependent goods in watery regions with the common investment of arid and semiarid countries. The present paper is an endeavor to submit practical solutions for overcoming the water crisis in our country.