جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تمدن غرب » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

While Western thinkers, emphasizing linear theories and Darwin's "evolution of species" theory, believed that the general spirit that governs the world has reached its maximum development and the happy human being of the modern era has reached self-awareness as the manifestation of this spirit. Even Fukuyama considers liberal democracy to be the inevitable fate of human societies, but the challenges facing Western civilization became apparent over time, and even people like Spengler, focusing on the cyclical course of history, predicted the decline and collapse of Western civilization. ! The main question of this research is: What happened to Western civilization that Western thinkers described as an unfinished project and tried to change their intellectual foundations? This article aims to enumerate these bases and examine the challenges facing them. The type of this study is descriptive-analytical and it was done with a library method. The findings of the research show that many of the challenges of Western civilization are rooted in the theoretical foundations of this civilization. Humanism, secularism, rationalism and scientism - which are the foundations of liberal democracy - have caused serious challenges in Western civilization.The main question of the current research is: What happened to a civilization that was once moving towards progress and development with increasing speed, that now it is described as an unfinished project and they tried to change their intellectual foundations.It seems that the emergence of challenges and crises in humanism, secularism, rationalism, scientism as the foundations of liberal-democracy has caused serious challenges in Western civilization. Therefore, the above article tries to enumerate these foundations and components and examine the challenges facing them. The type of this study is descriptive-analytical which was conducted using the library method.

The new Islamic civilization is a promising phenomenon for the oppressed and freedom seekers of the world and inspired by the divine word, whose formation is not far from the reach of the Taliban under the condition of effort and mujahidan steps from the Great Jihad. Therefore, research in analyzing the role of the Great Jihad is important for its realization. Now more or less in the elite circles, how the new Islamic civilization is formed has become a discourse, but how it is connected with the great jihad, which is considered one of the important variables in its realization, is still in an aura of ambiguity. This ambiguity may slow down the process of realizing the new Islamic civilization. Therefore, the question arises, what is the role of the Great Jihad in the realization of the new Islamic civilization? The hypothesis of the research is that the ground for the realization of the new Islamic civilization is provided by the mujahidan effort of the Great Jihad. This article has been able to analyze the role of great jihad in the realization of modern Islamic civilization by describing and analyzing examples of great jihad and with library tools, emphasizing on the thought of Imam Khamenei. According to the findings of the research, Jihad Kabir, whether in a negative sense, such as disobeying Western civilization, not accepting the rule of infidels, and the like, or in a positive sense, such as perseverance in the evolution of human sciences, insistence on the Islamic lifestyle, perseverance in the training of civilization-building managers and Like that, it is effective in realizing the new Islamic civilization.

The West recognizes the Islamic civilization as a civilization; however, it does not want to negotiate with that, rather it uses the “clash” approach. This is an essential issue between the Islamic civilization and Western civilization. The first and most important step of political theoreticians in the West is to render the negotiation between the Islamic civilization and the Western civilization impossible. By referring to the two letters of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution to the western youth, it becomes clear that, by using a discourse based on “duplicity”, the West tries to inspire to the people of the world that the Islamic civilization does not have the capacity of inter-civilizational negotiation; in doing so, the West uses techniques like Islamophobia and labelling Muslims. In contrast, the Islamic civilization, by using the discourse of “awareness”, must seek to provide the possibility of negotiation. Using discursive method, in the present article these two approaches in the two letters of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution are categorized in the form of discourse and the grounds of becoming hegemonic for each of them are investigated. Imam Khamenei seeks a discourse which provides suitable conditions for the negotiation of the Islamic civilization with the people of the Western civilization not its theoreticians and politicians; since these two groups seek the clash of civilizations for some purposes.

The Islamic Revolution of Iran can be considered as one of the great revolutions in history that has caused important changes in the contemporary world. A revolution that has always been in conflict with this discourse since its inception as a non-(other) discourse of Western civilization. Therefore, the main question that arises is that given the serious confrontation between these two views, what effect has the Islamic Revolution had on the decline of American hegemony? (Question); Accordingly, in this article, using a qualitative method and documentary study, data and materials related to this issue have been studied and examined (method); The results of the study indicate that the Islamic Revolution, on the one hand, has seriously challenged the idea of ​​Western liberalism at the level of discourse, and on the other hand, by taking measures such as withdrawing from the strategic alliance with the United States, capturing its embassy in Iran, creating a spirit of Islamic awakening in the West Asian region, weakening the position and power of the Zionist regime, supporting anti-arrogance movements and challenging US military power, greatly influenced the spread of liberation movements - especially the Islamic Awakening - and in The result has been a decline in American hegemony (results).

Although modern Islamic civilization and Western civilization are similar from various aspects, there are clear differences in the teleological approach between the two civilizations that can be seen in the statements of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution. Accordingly, the important issue in this research is ultimately the civilization of Islam and the West from the viewpoint of Ayatollah Khamenei. The present study was conducted by analyzing and explaining the statements of the Supreme Leader. The findings of the research indicate that the foundations of Islamic civilization are based on monotheism and the denial of polytheism, which will eventually lead to human’s servitude (‘ubudiyyah) in the process of civilization based on the ideals of Islam. In contrast, Western civilization is based on a materialist approach and disregard for divine values. Therefore, building a better world has been the ultimate motivation for the creation of a new civilization in the West. According to the Supreme Leader, materialism itself was the cause and a growing factor in Western civilization. This kind of civilization is being promoted in the world, but its lack of belief in divine and human values ​​will cause its downfall in the near future. From his perspective, the greatest difference between these two civilizational insights is in the teleological approach. In the new Islamic civilization, the theistic approach will cause the servitude of Allah the Almighty which is the goal of creation, to be spread in the society, but in the western civilization, this important issue, which is a natural and basic human need, has not been considered.

There are numerous theories about the State such as "legal", "pluralism", "functionalism", "developmental" and "class state" theories that lead to the creation of "conservative", "liberal", "democratic", "fascist", "Communist", "welfare" and "neoliberal" theory of state that have become the norm in Western civilization. The experiences of state-building in Islamic civilization also led to Sunni governments to secular monarchies or secular democracies, and in addition to the short-lived experience of the Imamate system in Shi'ism, the Shi'ite governments came to despotic monarchies during the absence of a constitutional model. The aspiration to regain power and increase parliamentary powers was also experienced in Iran. But the process of state-building after the Islamic Revolution of Iran, using the experiences of past state-building, has entered a new and important stage of state-building for the realization of a “new Islamic civilization”. At the present stage, the Islamic Republic system has been established as a turning point and the first experience of Shi'a political history in religious democracy, with the current state-building mechanism based on the dynamic political jurisprudence and the centrality of "Velayat-e Faqih" with "religious democracy" and "The constitution» Based on the human experience of other societies has been introduced as a new paradigm for the Islamic State. However, based on the "descriptive-analytical" approach in this study, theories of government and the process of state-building in the Western world and Islam as the state-building experience for the model of the Islamic Republic of Iran are discussed.

The efforts of Iranian thinkers on the issue of westernism have led to the formation of different types of thinking from westernization to westernization. In the meantime, it is important to understand the views of the active intellectuals - the expression of revolutionary Islam in the environment of the Islamic Republic, in order to influence the field of view and practice. Understanding the nature and type of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei's view of Western civilization is an essential issue in understanding the orientation and how the Islamic Revolution interacts with or opposes this phenomenon. The civilization strategy of the Islamic Revolution in the view of Ayatollah Khamenei expresses his critical view of Western civilization. This paper seeks to answer the central question, using the fundamental data theory approach: "What is Ayatollah Khamenei's critical approach to Western civilization?" The findings emphasize that the core of their critical view is the metaphor of modern ignorance. In this sense, Western civilization is continuing to follow the path of ignorance of Islam. Symptoms of this path of ignorance can be found in behavioral violence (domination, mass destruction, resource robbery, poverty of societies) and lust (outlawing women). In the meantime, the Islamic Revolution has stepped in the direction of ignorance by presenting the discourse of pure Islam Mohamadi (PBUH) and calls for the prophetic message of the Prophet (PBUH) to be operationalized to remove modern ignorance.

The critical attitude toward Western civilization has been reflected in the thoughts of many contemporary Muslim thinkers, and various views have been raised. The present study seeks to answer, in an analytical-critical way, the question that why and how the new Western civilization has plunged the world into crisis and what is the way out of it in the attitude of the Abolhassan Nadvi. The result of this study indicates that Nadvi believes that the Western civilization is Escape from religion and it is materialist, and with extremes in these two characteristics, not only put themselves in crisis, but also has thrown the world into a new ignorance. From his point of view the salvation of the world from this ignorance, it is possible only bychanging the leadership of the world and transferring this leadership to Islam and Muslims; as in the past, this was Islam, which liberated the world from the first ignorance. Of course, the fulfillment of this mission depends on the firm conviction and determination of the Muslims and the existence of a perfect and revival human being to take over this historic move. In spite of the strengths that the Nadvi viewpoint has, there are also criticisms, including: the paradox of the attitude towards and confrontation with Western civilization, the idealism and abstraction of some views and the distancing from the reality of objectivity and reality; fanaticism and hope for the Arabs in the future civilization role and the lack of attention to action and politics

The current article studies the relationship between the behaviors of two important phenomena in international system in twentieth century, one of which has emanated from Christianity called "western civilization" and the other is rooted in Islam based on political viewpoints of Haji Agha Mojtahed-e Shirazi. Haji Agha Shirazi analyzes western civilization as the dominant power and Islamic world as an oppressed and under pressure ummah [nation]. He believes that west has neglected the primary reason of reaction namely "belittlement" of nations and based on this, he predicts a definite "great Islamic awakening" in twentieth century in reaction to the behavior of western civilization. This article’s main inquiry is to study whether this Islamic movement can fit into the victory of Islamic revolution of Iran led by Imam Khomeini (PBUH). Findings of this article indicate that characteristics and objectives of this movement fit those of Islamic revolution.

The study of various periods of Iran is very important for a researcher who studies the Iranian identity and national identity. Abbas Iqabl Ashtiani, one of the greatest historians of Iran, relying on his historical and literary studies about the Iranian identity is of the view that although the Iranian identity has undergone changes throughout the history, particularly after the advent of Islam, its whatness and nature, that is, Persian language and literature and Iranian manners and customs, have remained Iranian. Overall, Iqbal maintains that the Iranian identity is based on the heritage of ancient Iran and teachings of Islam.