جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "غیردولتی" در نشریات گروه "علوم سیاسی"

After 2003, Iraq was weakened by a series of conflicts and crises. In fact, this project was an aggressive foreign (exogenous) state-building project that led to internal violent conflicts caused by social, ethnic, political and ideological factors and widespread instability and insecurity in Iraq. One of the indicators of nation-state building is the progress of democracy and democratic institutions. Civil society is the institutions, social populations of citizens and elites and activists of the public space of the society who are active in most of the non-governmental organizations and institutions in the political-economic, cultural and social fields. On the other hand, nation-state building is a process that gains meaning through the accumulation of power based on territorial saturation, political and economic stability, and social solidarity. Based on this, it is important to get familiar with the institutions of civil society in Iraq and to examine the influence of non-governmental organizations and international NGOs in Iraq after the conflict, and therefore civil society has been researched in the framework of the nation-state theory, in addition to the fact that civil society guarantees freedom. It focuses on empowering individuals and groups to freely express their identity within the framework of the law, and is considered a critical area of ​​human rights both at the national and global levels, the field of struggle and liberation. In fact, the government Nation-building is a process that gains meaning through the accumulation of power based on territorial saturation, political, economic stability and social solidarity, and nation-building is considered a broad convergence between the state and the modern nation. But state building is a process in which military, judicial, executive and legislative institutions are formed, therefore, the state and the nation are two distinct structures, but they move forward in a mutual relationship. In Iraq, the existence of a young population interested in such voluntary activities and the value of positive citizenship to compensate for the weak governance of the political structure by the people has greatly increased the public desire for them. - Nation building in Iraq. Charities and non-governmental organizations are two types of popular social organizations. NGOs have a more meaningful activity than charities and they are more in search of a solution to meet the needs of the deprived with basic empowerment measures and by using people's aid and financial resources to create infrastructure, to skill training, create employment, create culture, develop individual and social identity and so on. .. they pay Also, economic and social entrepreneurship and the creation of added value is one of the most important solutions for the sustainability of non-governmental organizations and the independence of society, which is the goal of such organizations, and by providing facilities and resources in various fields, they help the inherent reliance of vulnerable groups in society.In addition, non-governmental organizations in the social, health and human rights fields with specific social goals in an effort to reform and revise ineffective laws and regulations and provide plans and proposals to support the affected and vulnerable groups, especially patients, women and children, in legal authorities and They are the public space of society's politics. In addition, the non-governmental organizations in the field of cultural, religious, artistic and sports of the youth have been active in the field of informing and increasing the level of awareness and education of the general society, institutions and related social organizations and in an effort to reduce and prevent social harm and the occurrence of crime in the society from among the goals of such organizations. It is difficult to separate culture from politics and other areas. In most Islamic countries, culture and civilization are mixed with religion and politics. Finally, non-governmental political organizations that are not directly considered part of the government structure, but play a very important role as mediators between the individual and the ruling powers. However, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is the foremost organization that supports all civil society institutions in Iraq, and the agency's quarterly report on its effectiveness inside Iraq shows that it spends three billion dollars annually. provides support to civil society organizations and the benefits of its programs reach about 1,600,000 people and spends 880 million dollars in different sectors. In the early years after the collapse of the Baath regime, the Iraqi people were affected by aggressive and foreign democratization programs as mentioned, and organizational cases such as these several examples of international NGOs are active throughout Iraq according to Hippler's definition and are among the international organizations that People's involvement in their establishment is less, but they operate with high organizational power and more effectiveness. Organizations with regular administrative structures and organizations with statutes, programs, and visions with legal personality registration and active at all local and international levels, whose approach has gradually changed from mere support to empowering target groups. In fact, comparative studies in crisis areas have shown that people do not live in a political and administrative vacuum after the collapse of government structures. Instead, communities turn to other mechanisms to solve common issues, or traditional methods are revived, or other institutions such as local groups and non-governmental organizations such as NGOs assume political and administrative responsibilities. The United Nations as well as governmental and regional institutions in creating rapid and flexible infrastructure for reconstruction, establishing schools and educational centers and influencing political order by addressing war, legal, and political crimes and helping marginalized groups, and creating structures A transparent and democratic government has an active role. The process of nation-building through these organizations relies on the fact that non-governmental organizations consider nation-building and thus the creation of civil society as an alternative to defective government structures. The important characteristics of civil society organizations can be enumerated as follows: 1. The spontaneous participation of people, which distinguishes it from other social activities, 2. The organizational and regular form of its institutions that people can join at will, 3. The independence of these institutions from the government. 4. The value foundations of these institutions, which are intertwined with peace, freedom, equality and high moral concepts. After 2003, after the collapse of the political system, the Iraqi political parties won the political field inside Iraq, but they could not represent all the strata of the Iraqi society, and a significant population objected to the political coalitions and, of course, under the influence of international incentives, slowly attracted the means of power control, namely the associations. People's organizations were modernized in the democratic structure. Also, the expansion of the process of globalization and the reduction of the power of governments in dealing with global issues has provided the ground for the presence and strengthening of the role of these institutions. The hypothesis proposed in the main answer of this research is that it seems that non-governmental organizations and people's organizations are expanding in Iraq and play a role in nation-state-building after the conflict. The findings of the research, which were collected by a descriptive-analytical method with a combination of library and field sources, indicate that the Iraqi society has suffered from the effects of the civil war and human rights violations, sectarian and political tensions, and social crises by taking advantage of political freedom and the possibilities of social networks and The appropriate platform for strengthening the civil society by relying on the law on the formation of semans along with parties and other elements of the civil and traditional society has been effective in nation building after the conflict. The civic role and social responsibility of individuals and their contribution to the realization of stability and development is a variable matter, and this research tries to examine this concept in the Iraqi society and predict its effectiveness in the future.

In most of the current legal systems of the world, institutions that have a separate personality from the central government organizations have been created  to administer public duties. These organizations are effective tools for the central government in order to carry out specialized executive and general tasks that require independence and distance from political issues, although there is no uniform model in this regard. Non-governmental public institutions in our country are also among these organizations that were created to provide services that are public. Public non-governmental institutions and organizations in Iran were identified with the approval of the country's public accounting law in 1987, and the official activity of these institutions expanded after the approval of the law on the list of non-governmental public institutions in 1994. According to Article (3) of the Civil Service Management Law approved in 2007 non-governmental institutions and public institutions are specific organizational units that have legal independence and were established with the approval of the Islamic Council and receive more than 50% of their annual budget from non-governmental sources. It is responsible for duties and services that are public. According to the legal documents, it can be said that this legal entity was created in the origin of the law approved by the Islamic Council, that is, according to the law in the special sense and in the case that some institutions with general functions and having other characteristics Public non-governmental institutions created by other institutions such as the government, the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution, etc., are not usually recognized under this title. One of the essential features of these institutions, which can be defined based on its purpose, is to be in charge of duties and services that are public, and on the other hand, they do not pursue profit-making.

Expanding the external relations of a capital city will create opportunities for a country to internationalize and take advantage of the interactions with the state and non-state actors in the international system. Global cities today are the centers for the spread of different cultural and economic ideas; and they can  promote specific brands and  positive images of the countries to which they belong. The presence of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the big cities would help the international diffusion  of the unique brand of that city. A non-governmental organization, which has no definite history of origin, is a concept that cannot be defined precisely, accurately, and comprehensively. Nevertheless, the undeniable fact is that the growth of these organizations and the gradual expansion of their role have been indicators of globalization. NGOs are increasingly becoming involved in providing assistance to governments to find solutions to  many problems ranging from economic decline to the rising threats to public health and other issues regarding socio-economic development at all levels.  It is assumed that the presence of international organizations in major cities can help countries to become more international. Today, a metropolis must have its own strategic document for internationalization aimed at encouraging transnational communication with different organizations. Tehran, as the capital of Iran and one of the largest and most modern cities in the Middle East, can be the center of international interactions between Iran and other countries; and considering its geostrategic location, it could eventually be the hub of the Middle East.The main purpose of this study is to analyze the consequences of the expansion of the activities of international non-governmental organizations in Tehran for the transformation of this metropolis into a regional and international center. The key research questions are as follows: 1. What are the main advantages and disadvantages of encouraging more activities of international non-governmental organizations in the metropolis of Tehran?  2. How will the increase in these activities affect urban development in Tehran? To answer these questions, the method of qualitative content analysis is used to examine and explain the official documents related to Tehran’s international relations, the effects of interactions of international non-governmental organizations in the internationalization of the city of Tehran.  The research hypothesis illustrates the authors’ assertion that the activities of the international NGOs will increase Iran’s influence in the international system by facilitating international relations of Tehran at regional and global levels, and even the country’s bilateral and multilateral relations with other actors.There were attempts to formulate and adopt a flexible and forward-looking strategy for the urban development of  Tehran based on dynamic documents, which would take into account changing environmental and social conditions of the city, particularly the rapid growth rate of the population. Urban development documents in Iran before and after the 1979 Islamic Revolution have repeatedly emphasized the internationalization of Tehran through the presence and activities of international organizations. Farmanfarmaian Urban Development Plan (FUDP) was one of the first urban plans in Tehran, which was approved in 1966. For the most part, FUDP recommended  policies to regulate land-use in Tehran, elucidated some aspects of the internationalization of Abbasabad hills, and also determined the appropriate location of the international airport in Tehran. Pahlavi’s Shahestan plan was another pre-revolution attempt at city development in Iran and was meant to provide the groundwork for the globalization plan of Tehran which was the first such plan in the entire Middle East region. The first post-revolution urban development plan in Iran was approved in 2007. The long-term vision plan of Tehran municipality was designed in line with the country's 20-year Vision 2025 document, and aimed at turning Tehran into a global city by promoting activities of regional and international scope. The most important aspects of internationalization of this urban development plan of Tehran include: 1. Transforming Tehran into an information city (Iran's gateway to the information age); 2. Turning Tehran into a smart and global city with increasing share of modern economy; 3. Providing space, infrastructure and necessary communications in Tehran to promote the viability and activity of the city globally and regionally.The city planners are aware that they must act swiftly to provide the basic services for the residents, and thus they are advised to rely on collaborations with the influential NGOs to confront the  common health, environmental and socio-economic crises, and more urgently deal with the adverse  impacts of climate change through formal and informal interactions. According to the vision document, by 2025 Tehran will be in a situation where 50% of its GDP will be allocated to knowledge-based economic activities. Tehran's advantages for internationalization include: 1. It has good infrastructure;     2. The city enjoys a valuable geostrategic location because Iran can be the center of regional activities for international organizations in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf; 3. Tehran can also act as a gateway for such activities in Southwest Asia and Central Asia; 4. Tehran is located in a country with relative stable and secure environment for the activities of these organizations in a region where many countries are subjected to internal security threats, wars and terrorism. In contrast, the disadvantages of internationalization of Tehran by relying on the NGOs activities are as follows: 1. The poor communication between Tehran and specialized UN agencies and other international organizations; 2. Lack of sufficient attention to scientific research in the field of international NGOs; 3. Weakness of local governments’ specific laws and regulations for urban diplomacy and international relations of Tehran; 4. Lack of national understanding and consensus about Tehran’s collaboration with international NGOs; 5. the clash between ideological orientation of the Islamic Republic and the capitalist value system; 6. Anti-Iran  sanctions aimed at its economic- political isolation. In their research findings, the authors explain the relationship between the activities of international non-governmental organizations in Tehran by helping to improve the level of Tehran's international relations at the regional and global levels, and expanding the Islamic Republic's foreign influence.

Impact of privatization on non-governmental rule in IranDr. Abdul Rahman AlemAli akbar gholamiAbstract:By reducing the role of government in the economy and transferring it into the private sector, competitive conditions in the country is facilitated and Monopolies and rents will be gradually eliminated. The fundamental problem of privatization in Iran is that the government is much less competitive and responsive. A Government that cannot manage the public agencies which is owned, often cannot properly design and implement privatization and reform carried out supplements. Among the consequences of the rule of non-governmental to: increase community participation, The right of public access to information, Requirement the public sector to provide information, raising the level of awareness, reporting of the public, improve the indicators of good governance, political stability can be noted. The impact of privatization on society, or share it in social capital beyond the costs and benefits of direct economic. In a country like Iran, civil participation through, limiting access to information or restrict public comment process are controlled, privatization performance will be less than the subop-timal. Principles of justification, transparency and accountability in all the process of privatization should be observed and from the perspective of good governance, privatization weakness deliberate tendency towards corruption in situations where there is no transparency reveal.Key words: privatization, governance non-governmental, non-governmental organizations, governments, non-governmental